Sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria (also called black cod), is a long-lived marine species with wide distribution extending from Baja California to Alaska, the Bering Sea, and through to the eastern coast of Japan. The landed weight of sablefish in the U.S. commercial fisheries is not large compared with other species; however, the exceptional value of sablefish has ranked it high compared with other species such as pollock, sockeye salmon, and Pacific cod. Sablefish are high in omega-3 fatty acids and have white firm flesh with superior quality and taste. Current population levels are lower relative to historic ones and harvests have decreased within the last decade. The exceptional value of sablefish and decreases in wild populations have stimulated the development of methods to commercially aquaculture this species. Over the last 20 years, significant progress has been made in addressing the production of sablefish, and while there is still research that needs to be completed, sablefish have been commercially aquacultured by a small number of Canadian companies. In the Pacific Northwest, it is relatively easy to collect sablefish broodstocks from the wild and to transition them to land-based rearing facilities. However, they must be maintained at cold temperatures to successfully reproduce. Captive broodstocks for genetic selection are not commercially available, though producers have begun their own development. Incubation conditions for yolk-sac larvae have been developed and currently require long incubation periods at low temperatures, elevated salinity, and light exclusion. Although incubation times are long, they do not require very much attention during this phase. Exogenously feeding larvae currently require a regimen of rotifers and Artemia prior to dry feed habituation. However, tank characteristics, water turbidity, temperature, and illumination, as well as live feed enrichments have been studied. With the research that has been accomplished so far, survival rates of 10–40% have been routinely obtained at the larval stage. Despite a scarcity of species-specific nutritional studies, researchers have shown that sablefish can be successfully cultured from the juvenile to the adult stage on commercial salmon feeds. Off-the-shelf salmon feeds have been used successfully in net-pen grow-out trials and are used by commercial producers. In addition, sablefish have proven to be a good cold-water marine model for alternative feeds research. Still, research is needed to optimize nutritional requirements for all life stages of sablefish, develop practical feeds with these nutrient profiles, optimize feeding schedules, and produce life-stage specific diets since the growth of sablefish differs according to size—most likely reflective of their complex life history. Sexually dimorphic growth in sablefish occurs during the typical grow-out period, affecting time to harvest, the proportion of undersized (male) fish, and thus overall economic return to the producer. Production of all-female monosex offspring at semi-commercial scale using F-1 progeny of neomales (XX males) generated through dietary treatment with 17α-methyltestosterone is now possible. Results of long-term feeding trials suggest that time to harvest at 2.5 kg from stocking at 75 g may be reduced by almost 3 months when monosex stocks are used. Econometric models reveal that internal rates of return are 11–15% higher for monosex relative to mix-sex stocks over a 10-year period under typical cage culture conditions. Sablefish are susceptible to diseases (furunculosis and vibriosis) brought on by atypical Aeromonas salmonicida and Vibrio anguillarum. Vaccination of sablefish using commercial vaccines to A. salmonicida (typical and atypical) has demonstrated that fish can be protected against a subsequent challenge by A. salmonicida, but this has only been effective by injection of the vaccine (not immersion) and how long the protection lasts has not been studied. More research is required to develop more effective vaccines, methods for vaccine delivery, and to understand conditions (ontogenetic and environmental) that may promote or enhance pathogenesis.

中文翻译：

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黑斑鱼、Anoplopoma fimbria、水产养殖的现状

Sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria（也称为黑鳕鱼）是一种寿命很长的海洋物种，广泛分布于从下加利福尼亚州到阿拉斯加、白令海和日本东海岸。美国商业渔业中黑斑鱼的上岸重量与其他种类相比并不大；然而，与狭鳕、红鲑鱼和太平洋鳕鱼等其他物种相比，黑斑鱼的特殊价值使其名列前茅。黑貂鱼富含 omega-3 脂肪酸，肉质白而结实，品质和口感极佳。当前的人口水平与历史水平相比较低，而且在过去十年中收成有所下降。紫貂鱼的特殊价值和野生种群的减少刺激了该物种商业水产养殖方法的发展。在过去的 20 年里，在解决黑斑鱼的生产方面取得了重大进展，虽然仍有研究需要完成，但少数加拿大公司已对黑斑鱼进行商业化养殖。在太平洋西北部，从野外采集黑鲈亲鱼并将其转移到陆基养殖设施相对容易。然而，它们必须保持在低温下才能成功繁殖。用于遗传选择的圈养亲体在商业上无法获得，但生产者已经开始了自己的开发。卵黄囊幼虫的孵化条件已经开发出来，目前需要在低温、高盐度和避光条件下进行较长的孵化期。虽然孵化时间很长，但在这个阶段不需要太多关注。卤虫在习惯干饲料之前。然而，已经研究了水箱特性、水浊度、温度和光照，以及活饲料的富集。根据迄今为止完成的研究，通常在幼虫阶段获得 10-40% 的存活率。尽管缺乏针对特定物种的营养研究，但研究人员已经表明，在商业鲑鱼饲料上，可以成功地从幼鱼到成鱼养殖紫貂鱼。现成的鲑鱼饲料已成功用于网栏养成试验，并被商业生产者使用。此外，黑鲈已被证明是替代饲料研究的良好冷水海洋模型。尽管如此，仍需要研究优化黑貂鱼所有生命阶段的营养需求，开发具有这些营养成分的实用饲料，优化喂养计划，并生产特定生命阶段的饮食，因为黑斑鱼的生长因大小而异——这很可能反映了它们复杂的生活史。黑斑鱼的两性生长发生在典型的养成期，影响收获时间、体型不足（雄性）鱼的比例，从而影响生产者的整体经济回报。现在可以使用通过 17α-甲基睾酮饮食处理产生的新雄性（XX 雄性）的 F-1 后代以半商业规模生产全雌性单性后代。长期饲养试验的结果表明，当使用单性种群时，从 75 克放养到 2.5 千克收获的时间可能会减少近 3 个月。计量经济学模型显示，在典型的网箱养殖条件下，在 10 年的时间里，单性的内部回报率比混合性种群高 11-15%。黑貂鱼易患由非典型鱼引起的疾病（疖病和弧菌病）。杀鲑气单胞菌和鳗鲡弧菌。使用商业疫苗接种黑斑鱼接种A.salmonicida（典型和非典型）已经证明鱼可以免受A.salmonicida的后续攻击，但这只有通过注射疫苗（而不是浸泡）和多长时间才能有效保护持续时间尚未研究。需要更多的研究来开发更有效的疫苗、疫苗递送方法，并了解可能促进或增强发病机制的条件（个体遗传和环境）。