The phenomenon of slow growth in farmed shrimp was observed for the first time in 1989 in Penaeus vannamei as a clinical manifestation of runt deformity syndrome caused by infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus. Subsequently, it was recorded in Penaeus monodon during 2001–2002. Since then, the condition described as monodon slow growth syndrome (MSGS) has been reported from many countries. Though not leading to mortality, retarded growth at the pond level results in significant economic losses. Several potential pathogens have been identified from affected shrimp; however, no confirmed causal relationship has yet been established. Initially, P. vannamei farmed alongside slow growth-affected P. monodon were unaffected by the condition. Further, experimental studies suggested that P. vannamei was not susceptible. However, in recent years, increasing incidence of severe growth retardation has been reported in farmed P. vannamei. Currently, slow growth is considered as one of the most impactful production-limiting conditions affecting shrimp farming across Asia. Similar to MSGS, many infectious agents have been detected in slow growth-affected P. vannamei, especially the microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei. Further, genetic and environmental factors have been suggested to play a role. However, the exact cause of slow growth remains elusive, proposing that it may be a multi-factor syndrome. This review tracks the trajectory of the condition over the period of significant expansion of shrimp farming and postulates that conventional single pathogen/single disease paradigms are insufficient to deal with chronic yield-limiting syndromes. We suggest more realistic, multi-dimensional aetiological consideration of syndromic and emerging diseases in shrimp aquaculture.

中文翻译：

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该综合征的兴起——养殖虾的次优生长障碍

养殖对虾生长缓慢现象于1989年首次在南美白对虾中观察到，作为传染性皮下和造血细胞坏死病毒引起的矮小畸形综合征的临床表现。随后，它在 2001-2002 年间被记录在斑节对虾中。从那时起，许多国家都报告了斑节生长缓慢综合征 (MSGS) 的情况。虽然不会导致死亡，但池塘水平的生长迟缓会导致重大的经济损失。已从受影响的虾中鉴定出几种潜在的病原体；但是，尚未确定确定的因果关系。最初，南美白对虾与受生长缓慢的斑节对虾一起养殖不受条件影响。此外，实验研究表明P . 南美白对虾不敏感。然而，近年来，据报道养殖的南美白对虾严重生长迟缓的发生率不断增加。目前，缓慢增长被认为是影响整个亚洲对虾养殖的最有影响的生产限制条件之一。与 MSGS 类似，在受缓慢生长影响的南美白对虾，尤其是微孢子虫Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei 中检测到了许多传染源. 此外，遗传和环境因素已被建议发挥作用。然而，增长缓​​慢的确切原因仍然难以捉摸，这可能是一种多因素综合症。这篇综述追踪了对虾养殖显着扩张期间病情的发展轨迹，并假设传统的单一病原体/单一疾病范式不足以应对慢性产量限制综合征。我们建议对虾类养殖中的综合征和新出现的疾病进行更现实的、多维度的病因学考虑。