This research investigates atenolol (ATL) removal from the aqueous solution by a combination of hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) and sodium persulfate (HC-PS) as zero-waste discharge process. The effect of pH, reaction time, PS dose, initial ATL concentration, coexisting anions and natural organic matters (NOMs) has been studied. The highest ATL removal by HC and HC-PS processes was obtained at pH 3 and 6, respectively. The presence of coexisting anions viz., Cl⁻, NO₃⁻, I⁻, SO₄²⁻, and PO₄³⁻ promoted the degradation of ATL, while the efficiency of ATL degradation was inhibited by the presence HCO₃⁻ and CO₃²⁻ anions and NOMs. The highest synergetic and strongest inhibition effect of ATL degradation by the HC-PS process was observed in the presence of SO₄²⁻ ions (synergetic index value, 4.61) and CO₃²⁻ ions (synergetic index value, 0.44). Radical trapping experiments showed that the relative contributions of hydroxyl and sulfate radical to degrade ATL were 41.7% and 58.3%, respectively. In case of HC-PS process, degradation initiated with the protonation of ATL in the presence of free active radicals was followed by the ether bond cleavage, oxidation of primary and secondary amine moieties, and finally mineralization. The HC-PS process is proved to be a potential treatment method to destroy pharmaceutical pollutants from water and wastewater sources.

这项研究研究了通过将水力空化（HC）和过硫酸钠（HC-PS）结合起来从零溶液中去除阿替洛尔（ATL）的过程。研究了pH，反应时间，PS剂量，初始ATL浓度，共存阴离子和天然有机物（NOM）的影响。通过HC和HC-PS工艺去除的ATL最高，分别在pH 3和6下。共存阴离子即存在。氯^- ，NO ₃ ^- ，我^- ，SO ₄ ^2-，以及PO ₄ ^3-促进ATL的降解，而降解ATL的效率是由存在的抑制HCO₃ ^-和CO ₃ ^2-的阴离子和NOMS。在存在SO ₄ ^2-离子（协同指数值为4.61）和CO ₃ ^2-的情况下，观察到了HC-PS过程对ATL降解的最高协同作用和最强抑制作用。离子（协同指数值为0.44）。自由基捕获实验表明，羟基和硫酸根对降解ATL的相对贡献分别为41.7％和58.3％。如果是HC-PS工艺，则在自由基存在下，由ATL的质子化引发降解，然后进行醚键裂解，伯胺和仲胺部分的氧化，最后矿化。HC-PS工艺被证明是销毁水和废水中药物污染物的潜在处理方法。