Climate change has a large influence on plant functional and phenotypic traits including plant primary and secondary metabolites. One well-established approach to investigating the variation in plant metabolites involves studying plant populations along elevation and latitude gradients. We considered how two space-for-time climate change gradients (elevation and latitude) influence carbohydrate reserves (soluble sugars, starches) and secondary metabolites (monoterpenes, diterpene resin acids) of lodgepole pine trees in western Canada. We were particularly interested in the relationship of terpenes and carbohydrates with a wide range of tree, site, and climatic factors. We found that only elevation had a strong influence on the expression of both terpenes and carbohydrates of trees. Specifically, as elevation increased, concentrations of monoterpenes and diterpenes generally increased and soluble sugars (glucose, sucrose, total sugars) decreased. In contrast, latitude had no impact on either of terpenes or carbohydrates. Furthermore, we found a positive relationship between concentrations of starch and total terpenes and diterpenes in the elevation study; whereas neither starches nor sugars were correlated to terpenes in the latitude study. Similarly, both terpenes and carbohydrates had a much greater number of significant correlations to site characteristics such as slope, basal area index, and sand basal area, in the elevational than in the latitude study. Overall, these results support the conclusion that both biotic and abiotic factors likely drive the patterns of primary and secondary metabolite profiles of lodgepole pine along geographical gradients. Also, presence of a positive relationship between terpenes and starches suggests an interaction between primary ad secondary metabolites of lodgepole pine trees.

气候变化对植物的功能和表型性状（包括植物的初级和次级代谢产物）有很大的影响。研究植物代谢产物变化的一种成熟方法涉及研究沿海拔和纬度梯度的植物种群。我们考虑了两个时空气候变化梯度（海拔和纬度）如何影响加拿大西部黑松树的碳水化合物储量（可溶性糖，淀粉）和次生代谢物（单萜，二萜树脂酸）。我们对萜烯和碳水化合物与各种树木，场所和气候因素之间的关系特别感兴趣。我们发现，只有海拔高度对树木的萜烯和碳水化合物的表达有很大的影响。具体来说，随着海拔的升高，单萜和二萜的浓度通常增加而可溶性糖（葡萄糖，蔗糖，总糖）减少。相反，纬度对萜烯或碳水化合物均无影响。此外，在海拔研究中，我们发现淀粉浓度与总萜烯和二萜之间存在正相关关系。而在纬度研究中，淀粉和糖均与萜烯无关。同样，与纬度研究相比，萜烯和碳水化合物在海拔上与站点特征（如坡度，基础面积指数和砂基础面积）的显着相关性要大得多。总体而言，这些结果支持以下结论：生物因子和非生物因子均可能沿着地理梯度驱动黑松的主要和次要代谢物谱的模式。还，