Fishery bycatch poses a serious threat to seabird populations globally. Traditional haul-only post-capture observations are inadequate and inefficient to document seabird bycatch due to the substantial bycatch loss known to occur. Pre-capture observations offer an alternative by documenting seabird interactions leading up to captures. Based on the long-term large-scale dedicated field observations, this study revealed significant risk factors for the pre-capture stages of the seabird bycatch process in pelagic longline fisheries using Bayesian methods. Rough sea conditions were found to correlate with more seabirds following fishing vessels. Species identity, density effect, inter-species effect, and sea condition were found to significantly affect how frequently seabirds aggregated around a fishing vessel engage in bait-taking interactions. Intra-species competition was found to be the dominant type of density effect. Moreover, a web of inter-species interactions was identified to facilitate the bait-taking of superior competitors at the expense of inferior ones. The findings of this study are relevant to fishery managers in updating current data collection protocols to alleviate data issues caused by bycatch loss, to conservation biologists in quantifying bycatch risks for susceptible seabird populations, and in aiding the design and evaluation of bycatch mitigation measures.

中文翻译：

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海鸟与延绳钓渔业的相互作用频率：风险因素和对管理的影响

渔业兼捕对全球海鸟种群构成严重威胁。由于已知会发生大量的兼捕损失，传统的仅拖运捕获后观察不足以记录海鸟兼捕。通过记录导致捕获的海鸟相互作用，捕获前的观察提供了另一种选择。基于长期大规模的专门现场观察，本研究使用贝叶斯方法揭示了远洋延绳渔业中海鸟兼捕过程的前捕获阶段的重要风险因素。发现恶劣的海况与更多的海鸟跟随渔船有关。发现物种特性、密度效应、物种间效应和海况显着影响聚集在渔船周围的海鸟参与诱饵相互作用的频率。发现物种内竞争是密度效应的主要类型。此外，确定了一个物种间相互作用的网络，以促进以劣势竞争者为代价吸引优势竞争者的诱饵。本研究的结果与渔业管理人员更新当前数据收集协议以缓解兼捕损失引起的数据问题、保护生物学家量化易感海鸟种群的兼捕风险以及帮助设计和评估兼捕缓解措施有关。