Recent events have highlighted areas of conflict between economic integration with the outside world and the demands of domestic electorates. Historically, the tradeoffs have always become sharper in periods of crisis, such as the present. After reviewing the U-shaped progress of globalization since the nineteenth century, this essay reconsiders John Maynard Keynes's views on “national self-sufficiency” in the early 1930s. I argue that the postwar Bretton Woods system he helped to create evolved from those views as a balanced middle ground between market forces and governments' desires for domestic economic stability. The gradual erosion of that balance in favor of the market has helped produce discontent over globalization and more nationalism in politics. Enhanced multilateral cooperation in key areas offers the hope of supporting globalization while better meeting voters' aspirations. Despite daunting political obstacles to global cooperation these days, collective action challenges in areas such as climate, cybersecurity, and health—alongside economic policy—are becoming only more pressing over time.

中文翻译：

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全球化与民族主义：回顾与展望

最近的事件凸显了与外部世界的经济一体化与国内选民的需求之间的冲突领域。从历史上看，权衡总是在危机时期变得更加尖锐，例如现在。在回顾了 19 世纪以来全球化的 U 型进展之后，本文重新思考了约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯 (John Maynard Keynes) 在 1930 年代初期对“国家自给自足”的看法。我认为，他帮助创建的战后布雷顿森林体系是从这些观点演变而来的，它是市场力量与政府对国内经济稳定的渴望之间的平衡中间地带。这种有利于市场的平衡逐渐被侵蚀，这助长了对全球化的不满和政治上更多的民族主义。加强关键领域的多边合作，为支持全球化、更好满足选民愿望提供了希望。尽管如今全球合作面临着令人生畏的政治障碍，但随着时间的推移，气候、网络安全和健康等领域的集体行动挑战以及经济政策正变得越来越紧迫。