Objectives

To examine whether mindfulness training is associated with changes in objective attention performance.

Methods

Three meta-analyses were conducted: (a) a meta-analysis comparing the effects of mindfulness interventions with those of control treatments (109 effect sizes from 40 studies); (b) a meta-analysis comparing attention performance of long-term meditators with that of meditation-naïve participants (59 effect sizes from 18 studies); and (c) a meta-analysis comparing correlations between trait mindfulness and attention (197 effect sizes from 28 studies).

Results

Average effect sizes were significant (Hedges’ g = 0.29 for intervention studies, 0.32 for long-term meditation practice; r between trait mindfulness and attention = 0.12). All three analyses found significant effects on inhibition/executive control. Two out of the three analyses showed significant effects on updating and sustained attention. Shifting yielded significant effects only for interventions. Effects were larger for accuracy than for speed. Within intervention studies, focused attention led to significant effects, but inclusion of a yoga component decreased effects significantly. Number of sessions was positively related to attention performance. In long-term meditators, type of meditation practiced did not significantly moderate the effect size. Within trait mindfulness studies, only unidimensional measures and measures of acting with awareness yielded an average correlation that was significantly different from zero.

Conclusions

Mindfulness training as an intervention and a long-term practice is indeed associated with reliable changes in objective attention performance. The finding that this is also true for trait mindfulness suggests that mindfulness is a key mechanism.

中文翻译：

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正念作为注意力训练：注意力表现与正念干预，长期冥想练习和特质正念之间的联系的荟萃分析

目标

检查正念训练是否与客观注意力表现的变化有关。

方法

进行了三项荟萃分析：（a）比较正念干预措施与对照治疗效果的荟萃分析（来自40项研究的109种效果量）；（b）一项荟萃分析，比较了长期冥想者和没有冥想的参与者的注意力表现（来自18项研究的59种效应量）；（c）一项荟萃分析，比较了特征正念与注意力之间的相关性（28个研究中的197个效应量）。

结果

平均效应大小为显著（树篱克= 0.29为干预研究，0.32长期冥想练习; ř在特质正念和注意力之间= 0.12）。所有这三项分析均发现对抑制/执行控制有显着影响。三分之二的分析显示出对更新和持续关注的显着影响。转移只对干预产生了重大影响。准确性带来的影响要大于速度带来的影响。在干预研究中，集中注意力导致了显着效果，但是瑜伽成分的加入显着降低了效果。会议次数与注意力表现成正相关。在长期冥想者中，练习冥想的类型并不能显着缓解效果的大小。在特质正念研究中，只有单维度测量和有意识行动的测量产生的平均相关性与零显着不同。

结论

正念训练作为一种干预和长期的实践，确实与客观注意力表现的可靠变化有关。发现对特质正念也是如此，这表明正念是一个关键机制。