ABSTRACT

Hybrid infrastructure combining gray and green infrastructure should be more cost-effective than gray infrastructure; however, its cost-effectiveness and cost-effective methods for its construction are not clear. Here we used pro-environment breakwaters, having the original breakwater function of wave attenuation along with the additional function of providing marine-life habitats, as a model for estimating the cost-effectiveness of hybrid infrastructure. We defined effectiveness as the area of coral cover on the breakwaters. We compared coral areas between a normal (control) breakwater, and pro-environment breakwaters (PBs) with artificial tide pools (ATPs) at shallow depth (PB_shallow) or ATPs at deeper depth (PB_deep). The coral area increased by ~10% on PB_shallow and ~20% on PB_deep compared to the control. PB_deep had the largest increase in coral area, resulting from the installation of ATPs, which accounted for ~40% of the increase in coral area. PB_deep, with greater breakwater surface area and ATPs at depths more appropriate for corals than PB_shallow, increased the cost-effectiveness by ~10% compared to the control. Our finding that the cost-effectiveness of ATP installation is comparable to that of coral transplantation to natural reefs suggests that ATPs are cost-effective for coral habitat restoration.

摘要

结合灰色和绿色基础设施的混合基础设施应该比灰色基础设施更具成本效益；然而，其成本效益和建设成本效益的方法尚不清楚。在这里，我们使用亲环境防波堤，具有波浪衰减的原始防波堤功能以及提供海洋生物栖息地的附加功能，作为估计混合基础设施成本效益的模型。我们将有效性定义为防波堤上珊瑚覆盖的面积。我们比较了正常（控制）防波堤和亲环境防波堤（PB）与浅水人工潮汐池（ATP）（PB_浅）或更深（PB_深）的ATP之间的珊瑚区域。PB_浅层的珊瑚面积增加了约 10%与对照相比，PB_深约 20% 。PB _deep的珊瑚面积增加最大，这是由于安装了 ATP，占珊瑚面积增加的 40%。PB_深，具有更大的防波堤表面积和 ATP 比 PB_浅更适合珊瑚的_深度，与对照相比，成本效益提高了约 10%。我们发现 ATP 安装的成本效益与珊瑚移植到天然珊瑚礁的成本效益相当，这表明 ATP 对珊瑚栖息地恢复具有成本效益。