Agricultural land management may influence crop nutritional quality. However, few studies have explored potential connections between crop quality with different land management strategies. We analyzed mineral and crude protein concentrations in spring wheat grain (Triticum aestivum L.) samples from a study in Mandan, ND conducted from 2006 to 2014. The study introduced a perennial forage phase into an annual spring wheat cropping system, in three to four replicates, and previously found yield benefits and enhanced soil parameters in the perennial forage treatments. We determined whether integrating a perennial forage phase into continuous wheat would also affect crop nutritional quality by measuring wheat grain mineral and protein concentrations. Crude protein concentration was greater (p < .05) when wheat followed alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and increased linearly after 2–5 yr of established alfalfa. We observed comparable wheat grain crude protein and mineral concentrations between continuous annually fertilized wheat and unfertilized wheat following perennial forages. Negative correlations (p < .001) were observed between wheat grain yield and crude protein, potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), nickel (Ni), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and zinc (Zn) concentrations. Discriminate multivariate analyses showed, with 96% predictive accuracy, that differences in crude protein and mineral concentration were largely driven by year of wheat harvest. Differences between harvest years were likely due to timely precipitation at critical Growth Stage 3, during spikelet development. Study outcomes highlighted the important role of perennial forages and environmental factors to influence protein and mineral concentration in spring wheat grain.

中文翻译：

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多年生草料影响一年生小麦种植系统中矿物质和蛋白质的浓度

农业土地管理可能会影响作物的营养质量。然而，很少有研究探讨作物质量与不同土地管理策略之间的潜在联系。我们分析了 2006 年至 2014 年在北卡罗来纳州曼丹进行的一项研究中春小麦籽粒 ( Triticum aestivum L.) 样品中矿物质和粗蛋白的浓度。该研究将多年生牧草阶段引入一年生春小麦种植系统中，分三到四年重复，并且先前发现多年生草料处理中的产量效益和增强的土壤参数。我们通过测量小麦籽粒矿物质和蛋白质浓度来确定将多年生草料阶段整合到连续小麦中是否也会影响作物营养质量。粗蛋白浓度更大 ( p < .05) 当小麦跟在苜蓿 ( Medicago sativa L.) 之后，并在种植2-5 年的苜蓿后线性增加。我们观察到连续每年施肥的小麦和多年生草料后未施肥的小麦之间的小麦籽粒粗蛋白和矿物质浓度相当。负相关 ( p < .001) 在小麦籽粒产量与粗蛋白、钾 (K)、镁 (Mg)、镍 (Ni)、磷 (P)、硫 (S) 和锌 (Zn) 浓度之间观察到。判别多变量分析表明，粗蛋白和矿物质浓度的差异主要受小麦收获年份的影响，预测准确率为 96%。收获年份之间的差异可能是由于在小穗发育期间关键生长阶段 3 的及时降水。研究结果强调了多年生草料和环境因素在影响春小麦籽粒蛋白质和矿物质浓度方面的重要作用。