Experimental validation of the soil fertility hypothesis in a natural Mediterranean tri-trophic system,Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata

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Experimental validation of the soil fertility hypothesis in a natural Mediterranean tri-trophic system
Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata ( IF 1.4 ) Pub Date : 2021-02-28 , DOI: 10.1111/eea.13041
Jean‐Jacques Itzhak Martinez _{1,

2} , Adi Jonas Levi ₁ , Adrea Gonzalez‐Karlsson _{1,

2} , Víctor Moreno‐González ₃ , Rafael Álvarez ₄

Affiliation

Host plant resources are a major issue in gall-insect ecology. Soil fertilization may affect both plant quality and indirect defenses, as well as the prey quality of herbivores for predators. The soil fertility hypothesis (SFH) claims that gall-inducing insects infest more plants growing on poor than on fertile soils. Until now this was studied and supported only by observations in natural tropical biomes. We tested its validity in a field experiment in a Mediterranean region, using four aphid species (Hemiptera: Aphididae, Eriosomatinae) that induce galls in wild Pistacia atlantica Desf. (Anacardiaceae) trees, and their main enemies. The impact of fertilization was examined in control trees that were not fertilized (‘poor soil’) and others that were fertilized with NPK for either one or two consecutive growing seasons. Average internode length in apical shoots of fertilized trees was longer than in control trees, following SFH expectations. We did not detect a different number of aphid species in each tree, contrary to SFH predictions. Fertilization lowered the number of galls, the gall survival, and the mean number of aphids inside the galls, as expected by the SFH. All the galls suffered increased attacks by enemies in fertilized trees, as expected by the SFH. In conclusion, following this field experiment, the SFH should not be rejected as a possible framework in research on galling-insect ecology.

中文翻译：

地中海三营养自然系统中土壤肥力假设的实验验证

寄主植物资源是gall虫生态学中的一个主要问题。土壤肥力可能会影响植物质量和间接防御，以及食肉动物的食草动物的猎物质量。土壤肥力假设（SFH）认为，诱发胆虫的昆虫侵染的是贫瘠土地上的植物，而不是肥沃土壤上的植物。迄今为止，仅通过对自然热带生物群落的观测研究和支持了这一观点。我们在地中海地区的一次野外实验中测试了其有效性，该实验使用了四种会在野生黄连木中诱发s虫的蚜虫（半翅目：蚜虫，Erioiosomatinae）。Desf。（Anacardiaceae）树木及其主要敌人。在未施肥（“土壤贫瘠”）的对照树和其他连续一个或两个生长季节用NPK施肥的对照树中，研究了施肥的影响。遵循SFH的预期，施肥树的顶端芽的平均节间长度比对照树长。与SFH预测相反，我们没有在每棵树中检测到不同数量的蚜虫物种。正如SFH所预期的，施肥降低了gall的数量，the的存活率以及inside内部的平均蚜虫数量。正如SFH所预料的那样，所有的s虫在施肥的树木中遭到敌人的攻击增加。总之，在进行了田间试验之后，不应将SFH视为gall虫生态学研究的可能框架。

更新日期：2021-02-28

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