The present study investigates the bioaccumulation of the insensitive munition compounds 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), developed for future weapons systems to replace current munitions containing sensitive explosives. The earthworm Eisenia andrei was exposed to sublethal concentrations of DNAN or NTO amended in Sassafras sandy loam. Chemical analysis indicated that 2- and 4-amino-nitroanisole (2-ANAN and 4-ANAN, respectively) were formed in DNAN-amended soils. The SumDNAN (sum of DNAN, 2-ANAN, and 4-ANAN concentrations) in soil decreased by 40% during the 14-d exposure period. The SumDNAN in the earthworm body residue increased until day 3 and decreased thereafter. Between days 3 and 14, there was a 73% decrease in tissue uptake that was greater than the 23% decrease in the soil concentration, suggesting that the bioavailable fraction may have decreased over time. By day 14, the DNAN concentration accounted for only 45% of the SumDNAN soil concentration, indicating substantial DNAN transformation in the presence of earthworms. The highest bioaccumulation factor (BAF; the tissue-to-soil concentration ratio) was 6.2 ± 1.0 kg/kg (dry wt) on day 3 and decreased to 3.8 ± 0.8 kg/kg by day 14. Kinetic studies indicated a BAF of 2.3 kg/kg, based on the earthworm DNAN uptake rate of 2.0 ± 0.24 kg/kg/d, compared with the SumDNAN elimination rate of 0.87 d^–1 (half-life = 0.79 d). The compound DNAN has a similar potential to bioaccumulate from soil compared with trinitrotoluene. The NTO concentration in amended soil decreased by 57% from the initial concentration (837 mg NTO/kg dry soil) during 14 d, likely due to the formation of unknown transformation products. The bioaccumulation of NTO was negligible (BAF ≤ 0.018 kg/kg dry wt). Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1713–1725. © 2021 SETAC. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.

中文翻译：

---

改良土壤中蚯蚓 Eisenia andrei 中不敏感弹药化合物的积累：测定生物积累因子的方法学考虑

本研究调查了为未来的武器系统开发的不敏感弹药化合物 2,4-二硝基苯甲醚 (DNAN) 和 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) 的生物蓄积性，以取代目前含有敏感弹药的弹药。炸药。蚯蚓Eisenia andrei暴露于在檫沙壤土中修正的亚致死浓度的 DNAN 或 NTO。化学分析表明 2-和 4-氨基-硝基苯甲醚（分别为 2-ANAN 和 4-ANAN）在 DNAN 改良土壤中形成。在 14 天的暴露期内，土壤中的 SumDNAN（DNAN、2-ANAN 和 4-ANAN 浓度之和）下降了 40%。蚯蚓体残渣中的 SumDNAN 增加至第 3 天，此后逐渐减少。在第 3 天和第 14 天之间，组织吸收减少了 73%，大于土壤浓度 23% 的减少，这表明生物可利用部分可能随着时间的推移而减少。到第 14 天，DNAN 浓度仅占 SumDNAN 土壤浓度的 45%，表明存在蚯蚓存在大量 DNAN 转化。最高生物蓄积因子（BAF；^–1（半衰期 = 0.79 天）。与三硝基甲苯相比，化合物 DNAN 具有相似的从土壤中生物积累的潜力。在 14 d 内，改良土壤中的 NTO 浓度比初始浓度（837 mg NTO/kg 干土）下降了 57%，这可能是由于形成了未知的转化产物。NTO 的生物累积可忽略不计（BAF ≤ 0.018 kg/kg 干重）。环境毒物化学2021；40:1713–1725。© 2021 SETAC。本文由美国政府雇员贡献，他们的工作在美国属于公共领域。