Abstract

The well-known experimental data on the angles of wetting of refractory metals with liquid zinc are used to calculate the interfacial energies in these systems. The calculation of this angle becomes a challenging problem, since there is no direct method for measuring the interfacial energy at the solid–another metal melt interface. Since the interfacial energies at the interfaces of solid metals with liquid zinc were calculated using the surface energies of solid metals measured by a noncontact method, i.e., in the absence of contact with a liquid metal, it is impossible to take into account the influence of a liquid phase on the surface energy of a solid metal. However, the influence of liquid zinc on the surface energies of solid metals may be ignored due to the fact that zinc does not form solutions and compounds with the metals under study. If the specific free surface energy is higher than the interfacial energy at the solid–melt interface, the equilibrium contact angle is acute; otherwise, i.e., at σ_ss < σ_sl, the contact angle is obtuse. The closer the contact angle to the right angle at a contact angle higher than 90°, the higher the energy of adhesion of the liquid to the solid metal. However, the ratio of the adhesion energy to the surface energy of the melt remains smaller than unity. A further increase in the absolute value of the contact angle leads to a decrease in the adhesion energy to zero at 180°. Under equilibrium conditions in any systems, the contact angle is likely not to reach 180°. The results of calculating the interfacial energies of the systems under study demonstrate that the Young equation can be used to calculate the interfacial energy of the solid–liquid (melt) interface in the systems where chemical reactions do not occur, i.e., under equilibrium conditions. These results can be used to choose metallic melts for soldering the products made of refractory metals.

中文翻译：

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液态锌润湿固体钼，钴和镍及其界面能的计算

摘要

关于难熔金属与液态锌的润湿角的众所周知的实验数据用于计算这些系统中的界面能。该角度的计算成为一个具有挑战性的问题，因为没有直接的方法可以测量固体-另一种金属熔体界面的界面能。由于固体金属与液态锌的界面处的界面能是通过使用非接触法（即在不与液态金属接触的情况下）测量的固体金属表面能来计算的，因此无法考虑固态金属表面能上的液相。但是，由于锌不会与所研究的金属形成溶液和化合物，因此可以忽略液态锌对固体金属表面能的影响。如果比自由表面能高于固熔界面的界面能，则平衡接触角为锐角。否则，即为σ_ss < _σsl，接触角钝。在大于90°的接触角下，接触角越接近直角，液体与固体金属的粘附能量越高。然而，熔体的粘附能与表面能之比保持小于1。接触角的绝对值的进一步增加导致在180°时粘合能降低至零。在任何系统中的平衡条件下，接触角都可能不会达到180°。计算所研究系统的界面能的结果表明，杨氏方程式可用于计算在不发生化学反应（即在平衡条件下）的系统中固液（熔体）界面的界面能。