ABSTRACT This article examines over 7,500 beads from eight Native archaeological sites located in the lower Potomac River valley in order to understand how changes in bead assemblages between AD 1300 and 1712 expressed an ever-evolving Chesapeake cultural landscape. This analysis demonstrates clear differences in the types and distributions of beads from mortuary and domestic/nonmortuary contexts. Ossuary contexts contained the highest frequency of beads with the number of beads increasing over time. Following the arrival of English settlers in the 1620s, glass beads begin to appear in ossuary contexts. Beads from domestic or nonmortuary contexts are fewer in number, and those present were manufactured using local materials, including bone and clay, as well as shell. However, after 1680, there is a shift from shell beads being predominate on Native sites, to sites containing exclusively glass beads, red and black glass beads in particular. Post-1680 sites appear to reflect Piscataway displacement and the disruption of indigenous trade routes, leading Natives to obtain beads from colonial vendors. The distribution of bead color, an important attribute for communicating Native states of being, also shifts after 1680, with assemblages once dominated by white shell beads now dominated by black and red glass beads.

中文翻译：

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从贝壳到玻璃：珠子如何反映 17 世纪波托马克河下游河谷不断变化的文化景观

摘要本文检查了来自位于波托马克河下游的八个土著考古遗址的 7,500 多颗珠子，以了解公元 1300 年至 1712 年间珠子组合的变化如何表达不断发展的切萨皮克文化景观。该分析表明，太平间和家庭/非太平间环境中珠子的类型和分布存在明显差异。Ossuary 环境包含最高频率的珠子，珠子的数量随着时间的推移而增加。随着 1620 年代英国定居者的到来，玻璃珠开始出现在骨灰盒中。来自家庭或非太平间环境中的珠子数量较少，存在的珠子是使用当地材料制造的，包括骨头和粘土，以及贝壳。然而，1680年后，贝壳珠在本地网站上占主导地位，转变为仅包含玻璃珠，特别是红色和黑色玻璃珠的网站。1680 年后的遗址似乎反映了皮斯卡塔韦的迁移和土著贸易路线的中断，导致土著人从殖民商贩那里获得珠子。珠子颜色的分布是传达本土存在状态的一个重要属性，在 1680 年后也发生了变化，曾经以白色贝壳珠为主的组合现在以黑色和红色玻璃珠为主。