ments believed to be under the governance of religious leaders were unified at periodic ceremonial events featuring feasting (as indicated by seven very large pit features at Clark’s Old Field) and ritual places such as the ossuaries maintained for generations at Edgehill and Wilcox Neck. The social implication of this evidence suggests the possibility of resistance to the expansion of Powhatan influence despite the Chickahominy being situated near the center of Powhatan territory. The primary focus of subsistence shifted over this period from estuarine resources to terrestrial fauna to maize. In time, the successful production of maize surpluses by the “Coarse Pounded Corn People” supported their independence from the Powhatan and supported their interactions with the Europeans when they entered the region. Werowocomoco, the Place of the Antler Wearers, was the political center of the Powhatan. Known to many as the location of Captain John Smith’s interaction with Powhatan (the man) and Pocahontas, this site reflects an approximately 350-year long history of occupation. A series of trenches constructed beginning around AD 1200 appear to have been used to define ritual space probably used for gatherings such as the Huskanaw, a rite of passage directed by antler-wearing priests. Native development of the site culminated ca. 1560 with the construction of a 22 × 6 meter structure believed to be Powhatan’s “palace.” This was a persistent place for both ritual practices and governance. The Powhatan’s rise to regional power and influence was rooted in the complexities of a long, persistent history of Algonquian occupations. This is the first volume of a planned series concerned with the archaeology of society and ecology on the island and coastal environments with a goal of supporting the development of a more nuanced understanding of such environments and people’s connection to them. While some readers may be disappointed that the discussions are not more deeply ecologically based, Gallivan wants to depart from a more conventional cultural ecology approach. To the extent the book is ecological and supports the goals of this series of which it is a part, it adheres very generally to the process-oriented perspective seen in historical ecology. The obvious strength of Powhatan Landscape is the attempt to integrate Native perspectives to arrive at a richer narrative than more conventional approaches have permitted. He shifts the archaeology of the Chesapeake away from colonial accounts to one constructed primarily from a Native sense of place. Gallivan collaborated with contemporary Chickahominy, Pamunkey, Mattaponi, Rappahannock, and Nansemond communities not only to generate research questions but also to frame the inquiry and enrich interpretations. Gallivan thus provides a model of how such collaborations can be conducted and their various benefits. Accordingly, this book will be of interest not only to those concerned with the Chesapeake region’s prehistoric and European-contact pasts, but also those seeking more meaningful engagement with descendent Native communities anywhere.

中文翻译：

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在 Silver Glen 聚会：晚古佛罗里达州的社区和历史

被认为由宗教领袖管理的宗教在定期举行的仪式活动中统一起来，这些活动包括盛宴（克拉克旧田的七个非常大的坑特征）和仪式场所，例如在 Edgehill 和 Wilcox Neck 世代维护的骨灰盒。这一证据的社会意义表明，尽管奇卡霍米尼位于波瓦坦领土中心附近，但仍有可能抵制波瓦坦影响力的扩张。在此期间，生存的主要重点从河口资源转移到陆生动物群，再到玉米。随着时间的推移，“粗捣玉米人”成功生产出剩余的玉米，支持他们从波瓦坦独立出来，并支持他们进入该地区后与欧洲人的互动。韦罗科莫科，鹿角佩戴者的地方，是波瓦坦的政治中心。许多人都知道约翰史密斯船长与波瓦坦（那个男人）和风中奇缘的互动地点，该地点反映了大约 350 年的占领历史。从公元 1200 年左右开始建造的一系列战壕似乎已被用来定义可能用于聚会的仪式空间，例如 Huskanaw，这是一种由戴鹿角的牧师主持的仪式。该网站的本地开发达到了高潮。1560 年建造了一个 22 × 6 米的结构，被认为是波瓦坦的“宫殿”。这是仪式实践和治理的持久场所。波瓦坦在地区权力和影响力的崛起植根于阿尔冈昆人漫长而持久的占领历史的复杂性。这是与岛屿和沿海环境的社会和生态考古有关的计划系列的第一卷，目的是支持发展对此类环境以及人们与它们的联系的更细致入微的理解。虽然一些读者可能对讨论没有更深入的生态学基础感到失望，但加利文希望脱离更传统的文化生态学方法。在某种程度上，这本书是生态学的，并且支持它所属的这一系列的目标，它非常普遍地坚持历史生态学中面向过程的观点。Powhatan Landscape 的明显优势在于尝试整合本土观点，以达到比传统方法所允许的更丰富的叙事。他将切萨皮克的考古学从殖民记录转变为主要根据当地的地方感构建的考古学。Gallivan 与当代 Chickahominy、Pamunkey、Mattaponi、Rappahannock 和 Nansemond 社区合作，不仅提出了研究问题，而且还制定了调查框架并丰富了解释。因此，Gallivan 提供了一个模型，说明如何进行此类合作及其各种好处。因此，本书不仅会让那些关注切萨皮克地区史前和欧洲接触历史的人感兴趣，也会让那些寻求与任何地方的后裔土著社区进行更有意义的接触的人感兴趣。和 Nansemond 社区不仅可以产生研究问题，而且还可以构建调查并丰富解释。因此，Gallivan 提供了如何进行此类合作及其各种好处的模型。因此，本书不仅会让那些关注切萨皮克地区史前和欧洲接触历史的人感兴趣，也会让那些寻求与任何地方的后裔土著社区进行更有意义的接触的人感兴趣。和 Nansemond 社区不仅可以产生研究问题，而且还可以构建调查并丰富解释。因此，Gallivan 提供了如何进行此类合作及其各种好处的模型。因此，本书不仅会让那些关注切萨皮克地区史前和欧洲接触历史的人感兴趣，也会让那些寻求与任何地方的后裔土著社区进行更有意义的接触的人感兴趣。