The present research is aimed to evaluate the diverse husbandry practices, ethno-veterinary practices, socio-economic status and distressing constraints of camel pastoralists inhabiting desert (Thal) areas of Pakistan, where they maintain herds of Marecha and Barela dromedaries in extensive production regimes. For this purpose, 200 pastoralists were selected at random to fill out an on-site questionnaire. According to the farmers’ responses, it was perceived that their living status had improved in the last decades due to the progressive optimization of camel productivity and herdsmen responsiveness. In contrast, calf mortality rates, some traditional husbandry practices and the lack of market investments continued to be the major constraints affecting camel overall production. Ethno-veterinary medicines are widely applied as primary health care, thus influencing the general health, production potentials and relief of camels in the study region. With this scenario, concerned stakeholders and authorized institutions must re-evaluate the urgent needs of indigenous communities; their education and husbandry skills to promote economic/ financial support in low-income remote areas. In turn, traditional communities will be adapted to the changing socio-economic and cultural values with regard to camel husbandry and welfare. Current societal perceptions and demands within this livestock production industry, where camels are conceived as a sustainable food security animal, if accomplished to the highest possible extent, will increase effectiveness of the camel value chain and breeders’ quality of life will be noticeably enhanced. However, this success could be multiplied if government may devise community education, veterinary cover, marketing facilitates and interest-free small loans for pastoralists.

中文翻译：

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巴基斯坦广泛的牧区农业对骆驼生产的社会经济制约

本研究的目的是评估居住在巴基斯坦沙漠（Thal）地区的骆驼牧民的多种饲养方式，民族-兽医方式，社会经济地位和令人沮丧的制约因素，他们在广泛的生产制度中维持Marecha和Barela单峰驼的种群。为此，随机选择了200名牧民填写现场调查表。根据农民的回答，人们认为，由于骆驼生产力和牧民反应能力的逐步优化，他们的生活状况在最近几十年有所改善。相反，小牛死亡率，一些传统的饲养方式以及缺乏市场投资仍然是影响骆驼总产量的主要制约因素。民族兽药被广泛用作初级卫生保健，因此影响了研究区域的总体健康，生产潜力和骆驼的缓解。在这种情况下，有关利益攸关方和授权机构必须重新评估土著社区的迫切需求；他们的教育和饲养技能，以促进低收入偏远地区的经济/财政支持。反过来，传统社区将适应骆驼饲养和福利方面不断变化的社会经济和文化价值。骆驼被认为是一种可持续的粮食安全动物，在这种畜牧业中，当前的社会观念和要求如果能在最大程度上实现，将提高骆驼价值链的有效性，并显着提高育种者的生活质量。然而，