Gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) in the genus Belonocnema induce galls on live oaks (Quercus series Virentes), forming multilocular root galls in the sexual generation and unilocular leaf galls in the asexual generation. Using morphological characters, host records, museum specimens, flight propensity and phylogenetic analysis of published cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and nuclear SNP data, we resolve the long-standing taxonomic confusion within Belonocnema and recognize three distinct species that are distributed throughout the southern and south-eastern USA: B. fossoria (rev. stat.), B. kinseyi (rev. stat.) and B. treatae, while B. quercusvirens is treated as species inquirenda. The presence of mitonuclear discordance results in the failure of a mitochondrial DNA barcode region to distinguish between B. fossoria and B. treatae, while recognizing B. kinseyi, despite the three species being clearly separated based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis of SNP data. We provide re-descriptions and an updated dichotomous key for both asexual and sexual generations of these widespread species. Finally, as Belonocnema has emerged as a model organism for ecological and evolutionary studies, we clarify the species examined in published studies to date.

中文翻译：

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解决了 160 年的分类混乱：美国活橡树相关的 Belonocnema（膜翅目：Cynipidae：Cynipini）瘿蜂

Belonocnema 属的瘿蜂（膜翅目：Cynipidae）在活橡树（Quercus 系列 Virentes）上诱发瘿蜂，在有性世代形成多房根瘿，在无性世代形成单房叶瘿。使用形态特征、宿主记录、博物馆标本、飞行倾向和已发表的细胞色素 c 氧化酶亚基 I (COI) 和核 SNP 数据的系统发育分析，我们解决了 Belonocnema 内长期存在的分类混乱并识别了分布在整个美国南部和东南部：B. fossoria (rev. stat.)、B. kinseyi (rev. stat.) 和 B.treatae，而 B. quercusvirens 被视为物种inquirenda。线粒体核不一致的存在导致线粒体 DNA 条形码区域无法区分 B. fossoria 和 B.treatae，尽管基于 SNP 数据的形态学和系统发育分析这三个物种被清楚地分开，但同时识别 B. kinseyi。我们为这些广泛分布的物种的无性和有性世代提供重新描述和更新的二分法密钥。最后，由于 Belonocnema 已成为生态和进化研究的模式生物，我们澄清了迄今为止已发表的研究中检查的物种。