1 INTRODUCTION

The immune system is composed of a diverse array of cells that are required to protect the body from a variety of pathogenic insults. This includes cells comprising the innate and adaptive branches of the immune response, such as natural killer cells, macrophages, and innate lymphoid cells, as well as T and B cells, respectively. A precise series of events is needed for the differentiation and activation of innate and adaptive immune cells, and decades of research has contributed to our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that regulate these processes. Notably, the epigenetic and gene regulation principles defined in innate and adaptive immune cells have provided insight into other developmental systems as well by shedding light on the conserved roles for transcription factor families and mechanistic events in cellular differentiation decisions. This has allowed researchers to rapidly advance our understanding of mechanistic principles by using the information defined in the immune system to guide and extend knowledge in diverse cellular settings.

In this special issue, the latest advances in genome regulation are discussed from the perspectives of 15 early and mid‐career investigators who are performing cutting‐edge research in this discipline. They explore mechanistic principles defined in innate and adaptive immune cells, and several articles highlight the role for conserved regulatory events in diverse cell types. Although immunologists often focus on a specific cell of interest, many articles explore the conservation of mechanisms between cell types and discuss how specificity is achieved in different settings. The content of the reviews covers a broad range of mechanisms that regulate the genome, including basic transcription principles, the role for transcription factor families, epigenetics, enhancers, genome organization, long non‐coding RNAs, post‐transcriptional regulation, and the impact of tissue localization and the microenvironment on genome regulation. Taken together, this special issue provides a breadth of knowledge about genome regulation and gives perspectives from rising leaders in this field about directions of high importance for future research.

中文翻译：

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先天性和适应性免疫细胞的基因组调控

1 介绍

免疫系统由多种细胞组成，这些细胞是保护身体免受各种病原体侵害所必需的。这包括包含免疫反应的先天和适应性分支的细胞，例如自然杀伤细胞、巨噬细胞和先天淋巴细胞，以及 T 细胞和 B 细胞。先天性和适应性免疫细胞的分化和激活需要一系列精确的事件，数十年的研究有助于我们了解调节这些过程的分子机制。值得注意的是，先天性和适应性免疫细胞中定义的表观遗传和基因调控原理也通过揭示转录因子家族的保守作用和细胞分化决策中的机制事件，提供了对其他发育系统的洞察。

在本期特刊中，从 15 位从事该学科前沿研究的职业早期和中期研究人员的角度讨论了基因组调控的最新进展。他们探索了先天性和适应性免疫细胞中定义的机制原理，并且有几篇文章强调了保守调节事件在不同细胞类型中的作用。尽管免疫学家通常关注感兴趣的特定细胞，但许多文章探讨了细胞类型之间机制的保守性，并讨论了如何在不同环境中实现特异性。综述的内容涵盖了广泛的基因组调控机制，包括基本转录原理、转录因子家族的作用、表观遗传学、增强子、基因组组织、长链非编码 RNA、转录后调控、以及组织定位和微环境对基因组调控的影响。总之，本期特刊提供了有关基因组调控的广泛知识，并提供了该领域新兴领导者对未来研究的重要方向的看法。