Ecosystem services are essential to human well-being. Different mechanisms modify people’s access to the benefits from ecosystem services, but who benefits from which services, and the underlying factors that shape such variability, often remain unclear. To address this, we surveyed current and past ecosystem service flows from forest and farmland into rural Ethiopian households. After disaggregating beneficiary groups, we explored current and past mechanisms that impeded or facilitated their access. We found five groups of current ecosystem service beneficiaries that received varying degrees of service flows from forest and farmland. Important access barriers were economic problems and shortage of land, particularly for worse-off households, and wildlife damage and labour shortage. Over time, flows from forest and those directly benefiting human well-being (e.g. food, energy) were perceived to have declined, especially for worse-off groups. In contrast, access to emerging market-oriented services with indirect benefits (such as cash crops) increased, but especially so for better-off groups who capitalised on market opportunities and agricultural intensification. Forest cover loss and protection caused decreased access across groups. Identifying group-specific access problems and trajectories, removing economic, land- and labour-related barriers, and addressing environmental challenges, are important to facilitate equitable sharing of the benefits of rural ecosystems.

生态系统服务对人类福祉至关重要。不同的机制改变了人们从生态系统服务中获得收益的途径，但是谁从哪些服务中受益，以及形成这种可变性的潜在因素，通常仍然不清楚。为了解决这个问题，我们调查了当前和过去从森林和农田到埃塞俄比亚农村家庭的生态系统服务流量。在对受益群体进行分类之后，我们探索了阻碍或促进其获取的当前和过去机制。我们发现了五类当前的生态系统服务受益者，他们从森林和农田获得了不同程度的服务流。重要的进入障碍是经济问题和土地短缺，特别是对贫困家庭而言，土地短缺，野生动植物遭受破坏和劳动力短缺。随着时间的推移，人们认为，森林和直接造福于人类福祉的流量（例如粮食，能源）的流量有所减少，特别是对贫困人口而言。相反，获得具有间接利益（如经济作物）的新兴市场导向服务的机会增加了，但对于那些利用市场机会和农业集约化的富裕群体而言尤其如此。森林覆盖率的下降和保护导致各群体之间的接触减少。查明特定群体的获取问题和轨迹，消除经济，土地和劳动力相关的障碍，并应对环境挑战，对于促进公平分享农村生态系统的利益至关重要。获得具有间接利益（如经济作物）的新兴市场导向服务的机会有所增加，但对于那些利用市场机会和农业集约化的富裕群体而言尤其如此。森林覆盖率的下降和保护导致各群体之间的接触减少。查明特定群体的获取问题和轨迹，消除经济，土地和劳动力相关的障碍，并应对环境挑战，对于促进公平分享农村生态系统的利益至关重要。获得具有间接利益（如经济作物）的新兴市场导向服务的机会有所增加，但对于那些利用市场机会和农业集约化的富裕群体而言尤其如此。森林覆盖率的下降和保护导致各群体之间的接触减少。查明特定群体的获取问题和轨迹，消除经济，土地和劳动力相关的障碍，并应对环境挑战，对于促进公平分享农村生态系统的利益至关重要。