Underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) is currently a hot research field in academia and industry with many underwater applications, such as ocean monitoring, seismic monitoring, environment monitoring, and seabed exploration. However, UWSNs suffer from various limitations and challenges: high ocean interference and noise, high propagation delay, narrow bandwidth, dynamic network topology, and limited battery energy of sensor nodes. The design of routing protocols is one of the solutions to address these issues. A routing protocol can efficiently transfer the data from the source node to the destination node in the network. This article presents a review of underwater routing protocols for UWSNs. We classify the existing underwater routing protocols into three categories: energy-based, data-based, and geographic information-based protocols. In this article, we summarize the underwater routing protocols proposed in recent years. The proposed protocols are described in detail and give advantages and disadvantages. Meanwhile, the performance of different underwater routing protocols is analyzed in detail. Besides, we also present the research challenges and future directions of underwater routing protocols, which can help the researcher better explore in the future.

中文翻译：

---

水下无线传感器网络的路由协议概述

水下无线传感器网络（UWSN）当前是学术界和工业界的一个热门研究领域，具有许多水下应用，例如海洋监测，地震监测，环境监测和海底勘探。但是，UWSN受到各种限制和挑战：海洋干扰和噪声高，传播延迟高，带宽窄，动态网络拓扑结构以及传感器节点的电池能量有限。路由协议的设计是解决这些问题的解决方案之一。路由协议可以有效地将数据从网络中的源节点传输到目标节点。本文介绍了针对UWSN的水下路由协议。我们将现有的水下路由协议分为三类：基于能源的协议，基于数据的协议和基于地理信息的协议。在本文中，我们总结了近年来提出的水下路由协议。拟议的协议进行了详细描述，并给出了优点和缺点。同时，详细分析了不同水下路由协议的性能。此外，我们还介绍了水下路由协议的研究挑战和未来方向，可以帮助研究人员在将来更好地进行探索。