ABSTRACT

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is a rate-limiting enzyme of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in plants that synthesise many ubiquitous key compounds, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, lignins, and stilbenes. The first draft of the full grape genome assembly was released, but systematic analysis of the PAL family has not been completed in detail. In this study, 15 PALs were identified in the grape genome. Grape PALs are distributed on 6 chromosomes, and 9 PALs are distributed on chromosome 16, in which most of the 2 downstream genes, including chalcone synthase (CHS) and stilbene synthase (STS). Promoter analysis revealed that there were many cis-acting elements in the promoter regions to respond to light, phytohormone, and stress. According to transcriptome-data analysis, VvPALs have extensive expression patterns in various tissues and developmental stages in response to various stresses. Dynamic expression patterns of PAL1/2/3/5 were observed in different developmental stages of 4 grape varieties on the basis of qRT-PCR analysis, and suggested that PALs are involved in a complex mechanism to modulate in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Comprehensive analysis of PALs offers a basis for further understanding the physiological functions of PALs during grape development and their potential role to respond the various stimuli.

摘要

苯丙氨酸氨裂合酶（PAL）是植物中苯丙烷类生物合成的限速酶，该植物合成了许多普遍存在的关键化合物，包括酚酸，类黄酮，木质素和芪类。完整的葡萄基因组组装的初稿已发布，但对PAL家族的系统分析尚未完成。在这项研究中，在葡萄基因组中鉴定出15个PAL。葡萄的PAL分布在6个染色体上，9个PAL分布在16号染色体上，其中的2个下游基因大部分包括查尔酮合酶（CHS）和二苯乙烯合酶（STS）。）。启动子分析显示，在启动子区域有许多顺式作用元件对光，植物激素和应激作出反应。根据转录组数据分析，VvPAL响应各种压力在各种组织和发育阶段具有广泛的表达模式。根据qRT-PCR分析，在4个葡萄品种的不同发育阶段观察到了PAL1 / 2/3/5的动态表达模式，提示PAL参与了调节花色苷生物合成的复杂机制。对PAL的综合分析为进一步了解PAL的生理功能提供了基础在葡萄发育过程中，以及它们对各种刺激的潜在作用。