ABSTRACT

In response to anthropogenic climate change, many governments are adopting policies to reduce carbon emissions. In Canada, federal and provincial governments have implemented carbon pricing. One of the effects of putting a price on carbon is increasing the cost of using private vehicles, which may reduce mobility and increase the risk of social exclusion, especially in contexts where car dependence is high. In this article, we analyse how municipal governments in Canada frame the challenges of climate change and reducing emissions, and examine whether they link these challenges to issues of mobility and social exclusion. Focusing on policies from four of Canada's largest cities – Calgary, Edmonton, Winnipeg and Vancouver – we identify four main frames used in planning documents: “the Growing City”, “If You Build It, They Will Come”, “Better City for All”, and “the Resilient City”. The Growing City frame is used to support status quo urban development, with climate mitigation options (including sustainable travel modes) optionally included for more concerned residents. This is the dominant frame in Calgary, Edmonton, and Winnipeg. Conversely, Vancouver uses the Resilient City frame to indicate that climate mitigation and adaption strategies are essential, and all citizens must be prepared for change. Vancouver presents changes to mobility as necessary for all, rather than an option for some. Social exclusion is not explicitly addressed in the frames, though it is presented as a reason to support building alternative transportation or more public spaces. Social exclusion receives little consideration as a potential consequence of climate mitigation policies.

摘要

为了应对人为气候变化，许多政府正在采取减少碳排放的政策。在加拿大，联邦和省级政府已经实施了碳定价。对碳定价的影响之一是增加了使用私家车的成本，这可能会降低机动性并增加被社会排斥的风险，尤其是在汽车依赖程度很高的情况下。在本文中，我们分析了加拿大市政府如何应对气候变化和减少排放的挑战，并研究了它们是否将这些挑战与流动性和社会排斥问题联系在一起。我们着眼于加拿大四个最大城市-卡尔加里，埃德蒙顿，温尼伯和温哥​​华的政策-我们确定了规划文件中使用的四个主要框架：“成长中的城市”，“如果您建造它，它们就会来”，“人人享有更好的城市”和“弹性城市”。“成长中的城市”框架用于支持现状的城市发展，并为更多关注的居民选择性地包括气候缓解措施（包括可持续的出行方式）。这是卡尔加里（Calgary），埃德蒙顿（Edmonton）和温尼伯（Winnipeg）的主要框架。相反，温哥华使用弹性城市框架表示缓解气候变化和适应战略至关重要，所有公民都必须为变化做好准备。温哥华提出了对所有人而言必不可少的出行方式变更，而不是某些人的选择。社会排斥是 埃德蒙顿和温尼伯。相反，温哥华使用弹性城市框架表示缓解气候变化和适应战略至关重要，所有公民都必须为变化做好准备。温哥华提出了对所有人而言必不可少的出行方式变更，而不是某些人的选择。社会排斥是 埃德蒙顿和温尼伯。相反，温哥华使用“弹性城市”框架表示缓解气候变化和适应战略至关重要，所有公民都必须为应对变化做好准备。温哥华提出了对所有人而言必不可少的出行方式变更，而不是某些人的选择。社会排斥是尽管这是支持构建替代交通或更多公共空间的原因，但并未在框架中明确解决。由于气候减缓政策的潜在后果，社会排斥并没有得到考虑。