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The eggshell structure in apteryx; form, function, and adaptation
Ecology and Evolution ( IF 2.3 ) Pub Date : 2021-02-26 , DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7266 David Vieco-Galvez 1 , Isabel Castro 1 , Patrick C H Morel 1 , Wei Hang Chua 2 , Michael Loh 3
Ecology and Evolution ( IF 2.3 ) Pub Date : 2021-02-26 , DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7266 David Vieco-Galvez 1 , Isabel Castro 1 , Patrick C H Morel 1 , Wei Hang Chua 2 , Michael Loh 3
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Apteryx is a genus of flightless birds endemic to New Zealand known to lay very large eggs in proportion to body weight. The eggshell of Apteryx is unusually thin and less porous than allometrically expected possibly as a compensation for a very long incubation period. Past studies have been carried out on Apteryx australis, a species which once comprised all kiwi with brown plumage, now separated into three distinct species. These species use different habitats and live at different latitudes and altitudes, therefore generating a need to revise our knowledge of the attributes of their eggshells. In this study, we measured the physical characteristics and water conductance on eggshell fragments of these three species and Great‐spotted Kiwi and relate them to the environmental conditions of their respective environments; we also measured the water vapor conductance of Brown Kiwi eggs of late stages of incubation. We found that several trade‐offs exist between incubation behavior, environmental conditions, and eggshell structure. We found differences between species in eggshell water vapor conductance seemingly related to altitude; Brown Kiwi and Rowi generally inhabiting lower altitudes had the highest conductance and Tokoeka, generally living in montane environments, the lowest. This is achieved by an increased eggshell thickness rather than a pore area reduction. Finally, the water vapor conductance late in incubation was 58% higher than infertile unincubated eggs, suggesting a drastic increase in conductance throughout the long incubation period. Using the values previously reported, we calculated the embryonic eggshell thinning to be 32.5% at the equatorial region of the eggshell. We describe several new features, such as triangular mineral particles in the cuticle, reported for the extinct Trigonoolithus amoei, and confirmed the existence of plugged pores. We suggest that these structures provide microbial protection needed by a burrow nesting species with a long incubation period.
中文翻译：
无翼鸟的蛋壳结构；形式、功能和适应性
无翼鸟是新西兰特有的一种不会飞的鸟类，其产下的蛋与体重相比非常大。无翼鸟的蛋壳异常薄且多孔性比异速生长预期的要少，这可能是对很长孵化期的补偿。过去对澳大利亚无翼鸟（Apteryx australis）进行过研究，该物种曾经包括所有棕色羽毛的奇异鸟，现在分为三个不同的物种。这些物种使用不同的栖息地，生活在不同的纬度和海拔，因此需要修改我们对其蛋壳属性的了解。在这项研究中，我们测量了这三个物种和大斑猕猴桃的蛋壳碎片的物理特征和水导率，并将它们与各自环境的环境条件联系起来；我们还测量了孵化后期棕色猕猴桃蛋的水蒸气导度。我们发现孵化行为、环境条件和蛋壳结构之间存在一些权衡。我们发现物种之间蛋壳水蒸气传导性的差异似乎与海拔有关。通常生活在低海拔地区的棕色几维鸟和罗威鸟的电导率最高，而通常生活在山地环境中的托科伊卡鸟的电导率最低。这是通过增加蛋壳厚度而不是减少孔隙面积来实现的。最后，孵化后期的水蒸气传导率比未受精的未孵化蛋高 58%，这表明在整个漫长的孵化期内，水蒸气传导率急剧增加。使用先前报告的值，我们计算出蛋壳赤道区域的胚胎蛋壳变薄率为 32.5%。 我们描述了一些新的特征，例如角质层中的三角形矿物颗粒，据报道已灭绝的Trigonoolithus amoei ，并证实了堵塞毛孔的存在。我们认为这些结构可以为具有较长孵化期的洞穴筑巢物种提供所需的微生物保护。
更新日期：2021-04-04
中文翻译：
无翼鸟的蛋壳结构；形式、功能和适应性
无翼鸟是新西兰特有的一种不会飞的鸟类，其产下的蛋与体重相比非常大。无翼鸟的蛋壳异常薄且多孔性比异速生长预期的要少，这可能是对很长孵化期的补偿。过去对澳大利亚无翼鸟（Apteryx australis）进行过研究，该物种曾经包括所有棕色羽毛的奇异鸟，现在分为三个不同的物种。这些物种使用不同的栖息地，生活在不同的纬度和海拔，因此需要修改我们对其蛋壳属性的了解。在这项研究中，我们测量了这三个物种和大斑猕猴桃的蛋壳碎片的物理特征和水导率，并将它们与各自环境的环境条件联系起来；我们还测量了孵化后期棕色猕猴桃蛋的水蒸气导度。我们发现孵化行为、环境条件和蛋壳结构之间存在一些权衡。我们发现物种之间蛋壳水蒸气传导性的差异似乎与海拔有关。通常生活在低海拔地区的棕色几维鸟和罗威鸟的电导率最高，而通常生活在山地环境中的托科伊卡鸟的电导率最低。这是通过增加蛋壳厚度而不是减少孔隙面积来实现的。最后，孵化后期的水蒸气传导率比未受精的未孵化蛋高 58%，这表明在整个漫长的孵化期内，水蒸气传导率急剧增加。使用先前报告的值，我们计算出蛋壳赤道区域的胚胎蛋壳变薄率为 32.5%。 我们描述了一些新的特征，例如角质层中的三角形矿物颗粒，据报道已灭绝的Trigonoolithus amoei ，并证实了堵塞毛孔的存在。我们认为这些结构可以为具有较长孵化期的洞穴筑巢物种提供所需的微生物保护。
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