Proactive approaches that anticipate the long-term effects of current and future conservation threats could increase the effectiveness and efficiency of biodiversity conservation. However, such approaches can be obstructed by a lack of knowledge of habitat requirements for wildlife. To aggregate and assess the suitability of current information available on habitat requirements needed for proactive conservation, we conducted a systematic review of the literature on elephant and rhinoceros habitat requirements and synthesized data by combining a vote counting assessment with bibliometric and term maps. We contextualized these numeric and terminological results with a narrative review. We mapped current methods, results, terminology, and collaborations of 693 studies. Quantitative evidence for factors that influence the suitability of an area for elephants and rhinoceros was biased toward African savanna elephants and ecological variables. Less than one third of holistic approaches considered equal amounts of ecological and anthropogenic variables in their assessments. There was a general lack of quantitative evidence for direct proxies of anthropogenic variables that were expected to play an important role based on qualitative evidence and policy documents. However, there was evidence for a segregation in conceptual frameworks among countries and species and between science versus policy literature. There was also evidence of unused potential for collaborations among southern hemisphere researchers. Our results indicated that the success of proactive conservation interventions can be increased if ecological and anthropogenic dimensions are integrated into holistic habitat assessments and holistic carrying capacities and quantitative evidence for anthropogenic variables is improved. To avoid wasting limited resources, it is necessary to form inclusive collaborations within and across networks of researchers studying different species across regional and continental borders and in the science–policy realm.

中文翻译：

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联手积极保护大象和犀牛

预测当前和未来保护威胁的长期影响的积极方法可以提高生物多样性保护的有效性和效率。然而，由于缺乏对野生动物栖息地要求的了解，这种方法可能会受到阻碍。为了汇总和评估有关主动保护所需栖息地要求的现有信息的适用性，我们对有关大象和犀牛栖息地要求的文献进行了系统审查，并通过将计票评估与文献计量学和术语图相结合来合成数据。我们通过叙述性回顾将这些数字和术语结果背景化。我们绘制了 693 项研究的当前方法、结果、术语和合作情况。影响大象和犀牛区域适宜性的因素的定量证据偏向于非洲稀树草原大象和生态变量。不到三分之一的整体方法在评估中考虑了等量的生态和人为变量。人为变量的直接代理普遍缺乏定量证据，根据定性证据和政策文件，预计这些变量将发挥重要作用。然而，有证据表明国家和物种之间以及科学与政策文献之间的概念框架存在隔离。还有证据表明南半球研究人员之间的合作潜力未被利用。我们的研究结果表明，如果将生态和人为维度整合到整体栖息地评估中，并改善人为变量的整体承载能力和定量证据，则可以提高主动保护干预的成功率。为了避免浪费有限的资源，有必要在跨区域和大陆边界以及科学政策领域研究不同物种的研究人员网络内部和网络之间形成包容性合作。