The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of gestational exposure to low doses of bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS), and bisphenol F (BPF) on pregnancy outcomes and offspring development. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were orally dosed with vehicle, 5 μg/kg body weight (BW)/day of BPA, BPS and BPF, or 1 μg/kg BW/day of BPF on gestational days 6–21. Pregnancy and gestational outcomes, including number of abortions and stillbirths, were monitored. Male and female offspring were subjected to morphometry at birth, followed by pre- and post-weaning body weights, post-weaning food and water intakes, and adult organ weights. Ovarian follicular counts were also obtained from adult female offspring. We observed spontaneous abortions in over 80% of dams exposed to 5 μg/kg of BPF. BPA exposure increased Graafian follicles in female offspring, while BPS and BPF exposure decreased the number of corpora lutea, suggesting reduced ovulation rates. Moreover, BPA exposure increased male kidney and prostate gland weights, BPF decreased epididymal adipose tissue weights, and BPS had modest effects on male abdominal adipose tissue weights. Prenatal BPS exposure reduced anogenital distance (AGD) in male offspring, suggesting possible feminization, whereas both BPS and BPA induced oxidative stress in the testes. These results indicate that prenatal exposure to BPF affects pregnancy outcomes, BPS alters male AGD, and all three bisphenols alter certain organ weights in male offspring and ovarian function in female offspring. Altogether, it appears that prenatal exposure to BPA or its analogues can induce reproductive toxicity even at low doses.

这项研究的目的是评估妊娠期暴露于低剂量的双酚A（BPA），双酚S（BPS）和双酚F（BPF）对妊娠结局和后代发育的影响。在怀孕第6-21天，口服Sprague-Dawley怀孕大鼠口服赋形剂，BPA，BPS和BPF 5μg/ kg体重（BW）/天，或BPF 1μg/ kg BW /天。监测妊娠和妊娠结局，包括流产和死产的数量。对雄性和雌性后代在出生时进行形态测定，然后进行断奶前后的体重，断奶后的食物和水的摄入量以及成年器官的重量。还从成年雌性后代获得卵巢卵泡计数。我们在暴露于5μg/ kg BPF的超过80％的水坝中观察到自然流产。BPA暴露会增加雌性后代的Graafian卵泡，而BPS和BPF暴露减少了黄体数量，表明排卵率降低。此外，BPA暴露会增加男性肾脏和前列腺的重量，BPF会降低附睾脂肪组织的重量，而BPS对男性腹部脂肪组织的重量影响不大。产前BPS暴露减少了雄性后代的生殖器距离（AGD），表明可能是女性化的，而BPS和BPA均引起睾丸的氧化应激。这些结果表明，产前暴露于BPF会影响妊娠结局，BPS会改变雄性AGD，并且所有三种双酚都会改变雄性后代的某些器官重量和雌性后代的卵巢功能。总体看来，产前暴露于BPA或其类似物即使在低剂量下也能引起生殖毒性。