The growing gap between new evidence of pesticide toxicity in honeybees and conventional toxicological assays recommended by regulatory test guidelines emphasizes the need to complement current lethal endpoints with sublethal endpoints. In this context, behavioral and reproductive performances have received growing interest since the 2000s, likely due to their ecological relevance and/or the emergence of new technologies. We review the biological interests and methodological measurements of these predominantly studied endpoints and discuss their possible use in the pesticide risk assessment procedure based on their standardization level, simplicity and ecological relevance. It appears that homing flights and reproduction have great potential for pesticide risk assessment, mainly due to their ecological relevance. If exploratory research studies in ecotoxicology have paved the way toward a better understanding of pesticide toxicity in honeybees, the next objective will then be to translate the most relevant behavioral and reproductive endpoints into regulatory test methods. This will require more comparative studies and improving their ecological relevance. This latter goal may be facilitated by the use of population dynamics models for scaling up the consequences of adverse behavioral and reproductive effects from individuals to colonies.

蜜蜂对农药产生毒性的新证据与监管测试指南建议的常规毒理学检测方法之间的差距越来越大，这凸显了用现有致死性终点补充现有致死性终点的必要性。在这种情况下，自2000年代以来，行为和生殖表现受到越来越多的关注，这可能是由于它们的生态意义和/或新技术的出现。我们对这些主要研究终点的生物学意义和方法学测量进行了综述，并根据其标准化程度，简便性和生态相关性，讨论了它们在农药风险评估程序中的可能用途。归巢飞行和繁殖似乎有很大潜力进行农药风险评估，这主要是由于它们具有生态意义。如果生态毒理学方面的探索性研究为更好地理解蜜蜂中的农药毒性铺平了道路，那么下一个目标将是将最相关的行为和生殖终点转化为法规测试方法。这将需要更多的比较研究并改善其生态相关性。通过使用人口动态模型来扩大从个人到殖民地的不良行为和生殖影响的后果，可以促进后一个目标。