:The executive order process can be a long and complicated one, as directives may wind their way through various agencies before finding their way onto the president’s desk. Even after these orders have been issued, federal agencies will have a wide degree of latitude under certain conditions as it pertains to implementing them. In this article, I study the history of three separate presidential directives, two dealing specifically with environmental issues and one with general regulatory issues, in order to provide a picture of the process from inception to implementation. I consider three cases and explore the factors that drive presidents in choosing when or whether to issue an order and those that drive federal agencies to react as they do. This article encourages scholars to reconsider what they consider “unilateral,” pointing to the instances in which presidents must engage in bargaining within the executive branch they ostensibly head.

中文翻译：

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总统影响力的局限：两项环境指令及其对行政权力的意义

: 行政命令过程可能是一个漫长而复杂的过程，因为指令可能会通过各个机构，然后才能进入总统的办公桌。即使在这些命令发布之后，联邦机构在某些条件下也将有很大的自由度，因为它与执行这些命令有关。在本文中，我研究了三项单独的总统指令的历史，其中两项专门针对环境问题，一项针对一般监管问题，以提供从开始到实施的过程图。我考虑了三个案例，并探讨了促使总统选择何时或是否发布命令的因素，以及那些促使联邦机构做出反应的因素。本文鼓励学者重新考虑他们认为的“单方面、