:The presidency is now thought of as a representative institution. I argue that the idea of presidential representation, the claim that presidents represent the whole nation, influenced the political development of the institutional presidency. Specifically, I show that the idea was the assumption behind creating a national budget system in the United States. While the challenge of World War I debt prompted Congress to pass the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921, the law’s design owes much to reformers’ arguments that the president lacked institutional tools to fulfill his representative role. Congress institutionalized presidential representation in budgeting by including two key components: a formal license for presidential agenda setting in the budget process and an enhanced executive organizational capacity with the Bureau of the Budget. However, the law also revealed the problems raised by attempting to provide the “proper organs” for presidential representation, which push against the written constitutional frame.

中文翻译：

---

总统代表的“适当机构”：重新审视 1921 年的预算和会计法

: 总统职位现在被认为是一个代表机构。我认为，总统代表制的理念，即总统代表整个国家的主张，影响了总统制的政治发展。具体来说，我表明这个想法是在美国建立国家预算体系的假设。虽然第一次世界大战债务的挑战促使国会通过了 1921 年的预算和会计法案，但该法案的设计很大程度上归功于改革者的论点，即总统缺乏履行其代表角色的制度工具。国会通过包括两个关键组成部分使总统在预算编制中的代表制度化：在预算过程中制定总统议程的正式许可和增强预算局的行政组织能力。