:This article addresses the origins of the immigration restriction movement in the late 19th century United States, a movement that realized its aims in the early 20th. It critiques the dominant scholarly interpretation, which holds that the movement sprang from a racism that viewed the new immigrants of this period as biologically inferior. It argues first that activists did not have at hand a biological theory sufficient to this characterization and did not employ one. It argues second that the movement arose as an adroit political response to labor market competition. The Republican Party recognized the discontent of resident workers (including those of older immigrant origin) with competition from new immigrants. The Party discerned ethnic differences among new and old immigrants and capitalized on these conditions in order to win elections. Ethnocentrism and middle-class anxiety over mass immigrant added to a movement that depended on bringing working class voters into the Party.

中文翻译：

---

种族还是政治？亨利卡博特洛奇和美国移民限制运动的起源

:这篇文章讲的是19世纪末移民限制运动的起源th世纪美国，20 世纪初实现目标的运动th. 它批评了占主导地位的学术解释，认为这场运动源于一种种族主义，认为这一时期的新移民在生物学上是劣等的。它首先争辩说，活动家手头没有足够的生物学理论来描述这一特征，也没有采用。其次，该运动的兴起是对劳动力市场竞争的一种巧妙的政治反应。共和党承认驻地工人（包括那些年长移民出身的工人）对来自新移民的竞争的不满。The Party discerned ethnic differences among new and old immigrants and capitalized on these conditions in order to win elections. 种族中心主义和中产阶级对大规模移民的焦虑加剧了一场依赖于将工人阶级选民带入党内的运动。