Leaders are rated more favorably if, according to the social identity theory of leadership, they are prototypical of a group that members identify with; and if, according to expectation states theory, they possess characteristics that benefit the group because (a) such characteristics help the group perform its specific task (specific status characteristics) and/or (b) such characteristics are generally associated with societally valued social categories (diffuse status characteristics). These theories were compared in the context of small interactive groups where students (N = 534) rated a hypothetical leader. Leader characteristics (group prototypicality, diffuse status, specific status) were manipulated in a 2 × 2 × 2 between‐subjects design, and group identification was measured. As predicted, leaders higher in status characteristics and prototypicality were rated better, and stronger identification predicted better ratings of highly prototypical leaders, but did not impact how status characteristics affected ratings. Higher diffuse characteristics also predicted better ratings of highly prototypical leaders. These findings suggest status characteristics and leader prototypicality affect perceptions of leader effectiveness, but as people identify more with the group, prototypicality becomes more important.

中文翻译：

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小组中的影响力和领导力：小组原型，社会地位和任务能力的影响

根据领导者的社会认同理论，如果领导者是与成员认同的群体的原型，那么领导者的等级会更高。并且，如果根据期望状态理论，他们具有使小组受益的特征，因为（a）此类特征有助于小组执行其特定任务（特定状态特征）和/或（b）此类特征通常与具有社会价值的社会类别相关联（扩散状态特征）。这些理论是在小型互动小组的情况下进行比较的，其中学生（N = 534）评为假想领导者。领导者特征（小组原型，分散状态，特定状态）在受试者之间设计为2×2×2，并进行了小组识别。正如预测的那样，地位特征和原型较高的领导者的评分较高，而更强的识别力则可以预测高度原型领导者的评分较高，但并不影响地位特征如何影响评级。较高的漫反射特性也预示着高度原型领导者的评级更高。这些发现表明身份特征和领导者原型会影响对领导者效能的看法，但是随着人们与团队的认同度越来越高，原型性变得越来越重要。