The evolving conceptualization of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) reflects ongoing debate regarding the development and manifestation of symptoms related to psychological trauma. The most recent iteration of the disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐5) broadened Criteria A’s definition of an index trauma, making possible its application to individuals experiencing symptoms related to their own act of perpetration. The current research aims to develop a theoretical basis for understanding the mechanism of psychological distress resulting from perceived perpetration. It is hypothesized that unresolved dissonance relating to a violation of one's symbolic source of self‐esteem and meaning (i.e., one's belief system) represents a traumatic experience that can produce significant psychological distress. This hypothesis forms the basis of the Traumatic Dissonance Scale (TDS), which contains three facets required to meet the criteria for a traumatic perpetrator experience: (a) the act must clearly violate one's belief system, (b) the belief system must be important to one's identity, and (c) there must be no perceived way of atoning for one's actions. Participants (N = 429) were recruited online and include subsamples of military, police, and civilian participants. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the hypothesized 3‐factor model, and latent profile analysis identified four respondent classes that differ in mean responses to the three TDS dimensions. Class membership was used as a predictor of PTSD symptoms, and results demonstrated that elevation on all three factors was significantly related to increased PTSD symptom severity compared to those in classes not reporting traumatic dissonance experiences.

中文翻译：

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肇事者相关困扰的创伤性失调理论

创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）的不断发展的概念化反映了有关心理创伤相关症状的发展和表现的持续争论。《精神疾病诊断和统计手册》（DSM-5）中对该疾病的最新迭代扩大了Criteria A对指数创伤的定义，从而使其可应用于经历与自身行为有关的症状的个人。当前的研究旨在为理解由感知的犯罪造成的心理困扰机制提供理论基础。据推测，与违反一个人的自尊和意义的象征性来源（即一个人的信仰体系）有关的未解决的不和谐，代表着一种创伤性的经历，会产生严重的心理困扰。该假设构成了创伤失调量表（TDS）的基础，该量表包含满足创伤肇事者经验标准所需的三个方面：（a）行为必须明显违反个人的信仰体系，（b）信仰体系必须重要（c）绝不能以任何方式为自己的行为赎罪。参加者（N  = 429）是在线招聘的，其中包括军事，警察和文职人员的子样本。验证性因素分析支持假设的三因素模型，而潜在特征分析则确定了对三个TDS维度的平均响应不同的四个响应者类别。班级成员资格被用作PTSD症状的预测指标，结果表明，与未报告创伤性失调经历的班级相比，所有三个因素的升高均与PTSD症状严重程度的增加显着相关。