I argue that culpable ignorance can be irreducibly collective. In some cases, it is not fair to expect any individual to have avoided her ignorance of some fact, but it is fair to expect the agents together to have avoided their ignorance of that fact. Hence, no agent is individually culpable for her ignorance, but they are culpable for their ignorance together. This provides us with good reason to think that any group that is culpably ignorant in this irreducibly collective sense is non-distributively collectively responsible for subsequent unwitting acts and consequences.

中文翻译：

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集体无知

我认为有罪的无知可以是不可减少的集体。在某些情况下，期望任何个人避免她对某些事实的无知是不公平的，但期望代理人一起避免他们对这一事实的无知是公平的。因此，没有任何代理人因她的无知而单独承担责任，但他们共同为他们的无知承担责任。这让我们有充分的理由认为，任何在这种不可简化的集体意义上无知的群体都应为随后的不知情行为和后果承担非分配性的集体责任。