The total defence (TD) concept aims to provide an effective crisis response structure by increasing society resilience. However, the complexity of its structure regarding resource mobilization and management process highlights the need for a complexity‐oriented approach in the operationalising of TD. We study the application of TD during the COVID‐19 crisis and explore what makes the TD a viable system with resilience capabilities in the face the crisis. We apply the Viable Systems Model as a methodology to compare the viability of the United Kingdom and Norwegian TD systems, both of which use systems networks to achieve resilience, and contrast the different outcomes of each country. Our analysis highlights that: Managing the complexity of the TDS requires that all of the involved agencies proactively adopt a transparent approach to a joint decision making. This demands a wide range of sources of innovative solutions at different levels. Joint exercises, developed by the responsible agencies, enhance mutual understating of roles and responsibilities and crisis response structure. This calls for institutionalized support to dedicate resources. To avoid communications challenges, involved agencies in the TDS need to adopt an open messaging strategy, highlighting how to deal with uncertainties in communicating of decisions and action.

中文翻译：

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全面防御弹性：在 COVID-19 期间是否可行？挪威和英国的比较研究

全面防御 (TD) 概念旨在通过提高社会复原力来提供有效的危机应对结构。然而，其在资源调动和管理过程方面结构的复杂性凸显了在实施 TD 时需要采用面向复杂性的方法。我们研究了 TD 在 COVID-19 危机期间的应用，并探索是什么使 TD 成为一个在面对危机时具有恢复能力的可行系统。我们应用可行系统模型作为一种方法来比较英国和挪威 TD 系统的可行性，这两个系统都使用系统网络来实现弹性，并对比每个国家的不同结果。我们的分析强调：管理 TDS 的复杂性要求所有相关机构主动采用透明的方法进行联合决策。这需要在不同层次上广泛的创新解决方案来源。由负责机构制定的联合演习，加强了对角色和责任以及危机应对结构的相互理解。这需要制度化的支持来投入资源。为避免沟通挑战，TDS 中的相关机构需要采用开放的信息传递策略，强调如何处理决策和行动沟通中的不确定性。加强对角色和责任以及危机应对结构的相互理解。这需要制度化的支持来投入资源。为避免沟通挑战，TDS 中的相关机构需要采用开放的信息传递策略，强调如何处理决策和行动沟通中的不确定性。加强对角色和责任以及危机应对结构的相互理解。这需要制度化的支持来投入资源。为避免沟通挑战，TDS 中的相关机构需要采用开放的信息传递策略，强调如何处理决策和行动沟通中的不确定性。