The trade in cotton cloth and dammar in late nineteenth-century Sulawesi passed through three distinct exchange spheres mediated by barter. The highland end users transformed European-made cloth into a special-purpose money like the classic case of brass rods among the Tiv. In contrast to Bohannon's treatment of the Tiv, I set the highlanders' use of cloth money in the same analytic frame as the money of European trading companies and their local intermediaries. Each of these three exchange spheres utilized a different special-purpose money, each of which performed only a few of the functions of general-purpose money. European traders utilized “financial paper” as a “means of exchange” with European partners. They utilized a system of “bookkeeping barter” to manage the trade with their local intermediaries, where money now served as a “standard of value” and “unit of account.” Lastly, the highlanders utilized the cotton cloth they bartered for dammar as a “means of payment” but not as a “means of exchange.” By examining the terms by which money was socially embedded in all three exchange spheres, we gain an alternate perspective on the creation of many of the classic “social currencies” emerging out of early international trade networks.

中文翻译：

---

纸币、记账易货和布币：1860-1905 年印度尼西亚苏拉威西岛布匹和达马尔贸易中“特殊用途货币”的转换

19 世纪末苏拉威西的棉布和达马尔贸易通过以物易物为媒介的三个不同的交换领域。高地最终用户将欧洲制造的布料变成了一种特殊用途的货币，就像 Tiv 中的经典黄铜棒盒一样。与 Bohannon 对 Tiv 的处理相反，我将高地人对布币的使用设置在与欧洲贸易公司及其当地中介机构的货币相同的分析框架中。这三个交换领域中的每一个都使用不同的专用货币，每一种都只执行通用货币的少数功能。欧洲贸易商利用“金融票据”作为与欧洲伙伴的“交换手段”。他们利用“簿记易货”系统来管理与当地中介的贸易，货币现在充当“价值标准”和“记账单位”。最后，高地人利用他们以物易物换取达马尔的棉布作为“支付手段”，而不是“交换手段”。通过研究货币在所有三个交换领域中社会嵌入的条件，我们对早期国际贸易网络中出现的许多经典“社会货币”的创建获得了另一种观点。