Load-generation balance and system inertia are essential for maintaining frequency in power systems. Power grids are equipped with Rate-of-Change-of Frequency (ROCOF) and Load Shedding (LS) relays in order to keep load-generation balance. With the increasing penetration of renewables, the inertia of the power grids is declining, which results in a faster drop in system frequency in case of load-generation imbalance. In this context, we analyze the feasibility of launching False Data Injection (FDI) in order to create False Relay Operations (FRO), which we refer to as FRO attack, in the power systems with high renewables. We model the frequency dynamics of the power systems and corresponding FDI attacks, including the impact of parameters, such as synchronous generators inertia, and governors time constant and droop, on the success of FRO attacks. We formalize the FRO attack as a Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) and solve using Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT). Our case studies show that power grids with renewables are more susceptible to FRO attacks and the inertia of synchronous generators plays a critical role in reducing the success of FRO attacks in the power grids.

中文翻译：

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具有高可再生性的电力系统中的虚假继电操作攻击

负载生成平衡和系统惯性对于维持电力系统的频率至关重要。电网配备了频率变化率（ROCOF）和减载（LS）继电器，以保持发电量平衡。随着可再生能源渗透的增加，电网的惯性正在下降，这导致在负载产生不平衡的情况下系统频率更快地下降。在这种情况下，我们分析了在具有高可再生性的电力系统中启动虚假数据注入（FDI）以便创建虚假中继操作（FRO）（我们称为FRO攻击）的可行性。我们对电力系统的频率动力学和相应的FDI攻击（包括同步发电机惯性，调速器时间常数和下垂等参数的影响）对FRO攻击的成功进行建模。我们将FRO攻击形式化为约束满意度问题（CSP），并使用满意度模理论（SMT）进行求解。我们的案例研究表明，使用可再生能源的电网更容易受到FRO攻击，同步发电机的惯性在降低FRO攻击在电网中的成功率方面起着至关重要的作用。