Background: The use of wheat and flaxseed to produce omega-3 (ω-3) enriched poultry meat and eggs is very popular in the world. However, wheat and flaxseed contain some anti-nutritional factors (ANFs), and enzymes are usually used to alleviate the deleterious influence of ANFs. Method: A 2 × 3 two factors design was used in the experiment. A total of 540 twenty-week-old Nongda-3 laying hens were randomly allocated to six dietary treatments, two diets (corn/flaxseed and wheat/flaxseed), and three enzymes (enzyme-a contains neutral protease 10,000, xylanase 35,000, β-mannanase 1500, β-glucanase 2000, cellulose 500, amylase 100, and pectinase 10,000 (U g⁻¹); enzyme-b contains alkaline protease 40,000 and neutral protease 10,000 (U g⁻¹); enzyme-c contains alkaline protease 40,000, neutral protease 10,000, and cellulase 4000 (U g⁻¹). Results: There was an interaction between dietary treatment and supplemental enzymes for liver weight and liver inflammatory cytokines of broilers. A significant increase was observed in the fat weight of birds fed a corn diet as compared with a wheat diet. A corn diet and wheat diet with the addition of enzyme-a (p < 0.001) showed the highest level of liver fat followed by enzyme-c (p < 0.01) and enzyme-b. Moreover, a high level of secretory IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 and comparatively higher inflammatory changes in the liver tissue were found in birds fed a corn diet as compared with a wheat diet, and enzyme-b showed more beneficial effects as compared with enzyme-a and -c. The gut microbial composition of hens fed a corn diet was significantly different than that of birds fed a wheat diet. Bacteroides were significantly (p < 0.05) abundant in the corn-fed birds as compared with wheat-fed birds. However, Firmicutes were less abundant in the wheat-fed birds than the corn-fed birds (16.99 vs. 31.80%, respectively). The microbial community at the genus level differed significantly in the dietary groups and we observed that Bacteroides are the predominant cecal microbiota. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways of co-factors, carbohydrates, vitamins, protein, and energy were expressed at slightly higher levels in the microbiota of the wheat-fed birds, whereas, metabolic pathways for nucleotides, lipids, and glycine were expressed at higher levels in the wheat-fed birds. Furthermore, expression of the growth and cellular processes pathway and endocrine system pathway levels were predicted to be higher for the wheat-fed group as compared with the corn-fed group. Conclusions: In conclusion, our findings suggest that inflammatory changes in laying birds were mediated by a corn diet with flaxseed and enzymes instead of a wheat diet. Additionally, in the wheat-fed group, enzyme-b and -c showed more encouraging results as compared to enzyme-a.

中文翻译：

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亚麻籽和多种碳水化合物酶对产蛋母盲肠微生物群和肝脏炎症的影响

背景：在世界范围内，使用小麦和亚麻籽生产富含omega-3（ω-3）的家禽肉和蛋的方法非常普遍。但是，小麦和亚麻籽含有一些抗营养因子（ANF），通常使用酶来减轻ANF的有害影响。方法：在实验中采用2×3两因素设计。总共540只20周龄的Nongda-3蛋鸡被随机分配给六种饮食疗法，两种饮食（玉米/亚麻籽和小麦/亚麻籽）和三种酶（酶-a含有中性蛋白酶10,000，木聚糖酶35,000，β -甘露聚糖酶1500，β-葡聚糖酶2000，纤维素500，淀粉酶100和果胶酶10,000（U g ^-1）;酶b包含碱性蛋白酶40,000和中性蛋白酶10,000（U g ^-1）; 酶-c包含碱性蛋白酶40,000，中性蛋白酶10,000和纤维素酶4000（U g ^-1）。结果：饮食治疗和补充酶对肉鸡肝脏重量和肝炎性细胞因子的影响。与小麦饮食相比，饲喂玉米饮食的鸡的脂肪重量显着增加。玉米饮食和小麦饮食中添加酶-a（p <0.001）的肝脏脂肪含量最高，其次是酶-c（p<0.01）和酶b。此外，与小麦饮食相比，饲喂玉米饮食的鸟类发现分泌性高水平的IL-1β，IL-6和IL-10水平以及肝脏组织中较高的炎症变化，并且酶-b表现出更多的有益作用与酶-a和-c相比的效果。饲喂玉米饮食的母鸡的肠道微生物组成与饲喂小麦饮食的鸡的肠道微生物组成显着不同。与小麦饲喂的鸟类相比，玉米饲喂的鸟类中的拟杆菌含量显着（p <0.05）。但是，小麦饲喂的鸟类中的铁线虫不如玉米饲喂的鸟类丰富（分别为16.99％对31.80％）。在饮食组中，属水平上的微生物群落显着不同，并且我们观察到了拟杆菌是主要的盲肠菌群。在小麦饲喂鸟类的微生物群中，辅因子，碳水化合物，维生素，蛋白质和能量的京都基因与基因组百科全书（KEGG）途径表达水平略高，而核苷酸，脂质和甘氨酸的代谢途径在小麦饲喂的鸟类中表达较高。此外，与玉米饲喂组相比，小麦饲喂组的生长和细胞过程途径以及内分泌系统途径水平的表达预计更高。结论：总之，我们的发现表明，产蛋鸡的炎症变化是由玉米饮食加亚麻籽和酶而不是小麦饮食介导的。另外，在小麦喂养的组中，酶-b和-c显示出比酶-a更令人鼓舞的结果。