ABSTRACT

A growing body of literature demonstrates exclusionary discipline (e.g., suspension, expulsion) elevates the risk of arrest and incarceration. Even so, the bulk of research to date overlooks the influence of exclusionary discipline during childhood on police contact experiences that may not result in a formal arrest. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS), we find that, regardless of early delinquent involvement, early exclusionary discipline increases the risk of being stopped by police. Further analyses demonstrate that among youth reporting police stops (N = 918), early exclusionary discipline increases the risk of 1) a younger age at first stop, 2) multiple stops, and 3) experiencing officer intrusiveness during the stop. Finally, stopped youth with a history of exclusionary discipline reported more traumatic responses to police stops, and experiences of officer intrusiveness explain a significant portion of this association. Implications for school and criminal justice policies are discussed.

摘要

越来越多的文献表明，排他性纪律（例如，停学、开除）会增加被捕和监禁的风险。即便如此，迄今为止的大部分研究都忽略了童年时期排他性纪律对可能不会导致正式逮捕的警察接触经历的影响。使用来自脆弱家庭和儿童福利研究 (FFCWS) 的数据，我们发现，无论早期违法参与如何，早期排斥性纪律都会增加被警察阻止的风险。进一步的分析表明，在青少年报告警察拦截（N = 918）中，早期排除性纪律增加了以下风险：1）第一次拦截年龄较小，2）多次拦截，以及 3）在拦截期间经历警察侵入。最后，有排外纪律史的被拦下的青年报告说，他们对警察拦下的反应更加痛苦，而警官侵扰的经历解释了这种关联的很大一部分。讨论了对学校和刑事司法政策的影响。