Brain waste studies seldom analyse the skills development of tertiary-educated workers according to gender and country of origin. Combining statistical analyses, participatory workshops and 77 qualitative interviews on employment trajectories with highly skilled workers in Switzerland, I offer three contributions. An intersectional perspective reveals unequal opportunities of skills development: Swiss-born men have the highest rates of employment, income and jobs commensurate with their education, followed by foreign-born men, then Swiss-born women and lastly foreign-born women. Second, a multiscalar perspective shows how actions by individuals, families, employers and the state favour or constrain skills advancement among women and men. Individual perceptions of gender roles and unequal childcare responsibilities within couples constrain women's skills development. Further constraints are set by the state and employers' policies and practices regarding migration, childcare, taxation and hiring. Third, a spatial–temporal perspective unveils that gender inequalities arise at particular moments (migration and childbirth) and places (lacking childcare services and limited employment).

中文翻译：

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了解大脑浪费：高技能女性和男性、移民和非移民之间的技能发展机会不平等

脑浪费研究很少根据性别和原籍国分析受过高等教育的工人的技能发展。结合统计分析、参与式研讨会和 77 次关于瑞士高技能工人就业轨迹的定性访谈，我提出了三点贡献。一个交叉的角度揭示了技术发展的机会不平等：瑞士出生的人有就业，收入最高速度和就业机会，他们的教育相称，其次是外国出生的男人，那么瑞士出生的妇女，最后在外国出生的妇女。二、多标量视角显示个人、家庭、雇主和国家的行动如何促进或限制女性和男性的技能进步。个人对性别角色的看法和夫妻之间不平等的育儿责任限制了妇女的技能发展。国家和雇主在移民、儿童保育、税收和招聘方面的政策和做法设置了进一步的限制。第三，时空视角揭示了性别不平等出现在特定时刻（移民和分娩）和地点（缺乏托儿服务和有限就业）。