This study illustrates Korean speakers' routine practice of deploying the so-called subject particle ka in negatively valenced questions that display incipient disagreement, express disbelief, or make a challenge or complaint. An examination of 18 naturally occurring face-to-face conversations shows that a speaker's selection of the particle in such questions is contingent on neither the grammatical role of the referent (subject) nor the referent's information state (new vs. old). It is instead consistently contingent on the interactional job being done by the question (action formation) and the question's position in the sequential and interactional environment: the speaker questions how a referent is represented or understood in a prior turn, or notes a problem with the current state of the referent, as departing from the speaker's knowledge, understanding, or expectations. The particle serves to bring the target referent to the fore as the object of trouble at that moment of the interaction while leaving other possible candidates behind. This study illuminates the interactional import of the particle ka by demonstrating how it contributes to speakers' practices for managing discrepancies in their knowledge, understanding, or expectations regarding objects or matters in the material and social world with other participants of the talk-in-interaction.

这项研究说明了讲韩语的人部署所谓主题词“ ka ”的常规做法表现出初期分歧，表示怀疑或提出质疑或抱怨的负面价值问题。对18种自然发生的面对面对话的检查表明，说话者在此类问题中对质点的选择既不依赖于指称对象（主体）的语法作用，也不依赖于指称对象的信息状态（新的还是旧的）。相反，它始终取决于问题（动作形成）所完成的交互工作以及问题在顺序和交互环境中的位置：说话者质疑对象在先前的回合中是如何表示或理解的，或者指出与问题有关的问题。指称者当前的状态，与讲话者的知识，理解或期望背道而驰。粒子用于在交互作用的那一刻将目标对象作为麻烦的对象脱颖而出，同时将其他可能的候选对象留在后面。这项研究阐明了粒子的相互作用ka通过演示其如何帮助演讲者的实践来管理与互动对话中其他参与者在物质和社会世界中的对象或事项有关的知识，理解或期望方面的差异。