Abstract

This article examines the concept of federalism in the oil and gas industry in Malaysia. The petroleum industry is one of the 12 National Key Economic Areas (NKEAs) to enhance national growth under Malaysia’s Economic Transformation Programme (ETP). Due to its economic significance, the petroleum industry was given priority by the Government of Malaysia. The development of the oil and gas industry in Malaysia can be divided into two stages, ie the period before 1974 and after 1974. Prior to 1974, the ownership of hydrocarbon resources was placed under the jurisdiction of the respective 13 states forming part of Malaysia. In 1974, the Petroleum Development Act (PDA) was passed by the Parliament of Malaysia. Pursuant to the PDA, a national oil company has been established in the form of a public listed company which is called Petroliam Nasional Berhad (Petronas). The national oil company was granted the entire ownership and the exclusive rights, powers, liberties and privileges of exploring, winning and obtaining petroleum onshore and offshore Malaysia. Each state permanently conferred its ownership, rights, powers, liberties and privileges in the petroleum by executing the vesting instrument specified in the PDA. This article examines the rights of ownership of the Federation and the various states of Malaysia with regards to the hydrocarbon resources at the time of the formation of the Federation of Malaysia, and the gradual changes in the ownership of the hydrocarbon resources from the states to the absolute ownership of the Federal government in 1974. Furthermore, this article examines the legislation regulating petroleum resources and the role of the states and federation in the upstream oil and gas industry prior to 1974 and after the enactment of the PDA.

中文翻译：

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马来西亚石油资源的分布：揭开联邦主义的面纱

摘要

本文探讨了马来西亚石油和天然气行业中联邦制的概念。在马来西亚的经济转型计划（ETP）下，石油业是12个国家主要经济区（NKEA）之一，可促进国家增长。由于其经济意义，马来西亚政府将石油工业列为优先事项。马来西亚的石油和天然气工业的发展可以分为两个阶段，即1974年之前和1974年之后。1974年之前，碳氢化合物资源的所有权归构成马来西亚一部分的13个州管辖。1974年，马来西亚议会通过了《石油发展法》（PDA）。根据PDA，已经以公开上市公司的形式建立了一家国家石油公司，称为Petroliam Nasional Berhad（Petronas）。国家石油公司被授予在马来西亚陆上和海上开采，赢得和获得石油的全部所有权和专有权，权力，自由和特权。每个州通过执行PDA中指定的归属工具，永久授予其对石油的所有权，权利，权力，自由和特权。本文探讨了马来西亚联邦成立时联邦和马来西亚各州对碳氢化合物资源的所有权，以及从各州到美国的碳氢化合物资源所有权的逐步变化。 1974年获得联邦政府的绝对所有权。此外，