Membrane technology has been widely used in the wastewater treatment and seawater desalination. In recent years, the reverse osmosis (RO) membrane represented by polyamide (PA) has made great progress because of its excellent properties. However, the conventional PA RO membranes still have some scientific problems, such as membrane fouling, easy degradation after chlorination, and unclear mechanisms of salt retention and water flux, which seriously impede the widespread use of RO membrane technology. This paper reviews the progress in the research and development of the RO membrane, with key focus on the mechanisms and strategies of the contemporary separation, anti-fouling and chlorine resistance of the PA RO membrane. This review seeks to provide state-of-the-art insights into the mitigation strategies and basic mechanisms for some of the key challenges. Under the guidance of the fundamental understanding of each mechanism, operation and modification strategies are discussed, and reasonable analysis is carried out, which can address some key technical challenges. The last section of the review focuses on the technical issues, challenges, and future perspective of these mechanisms and strategies. Advances in synergistic mechanisms and strategies of the PA RO membranes have been rarely reviewed; thus, this review can serve as a guide for new entrants to the field of membrane water treatment and established researchers.

膜技术已广泛用于废水处理和海水淡化。近年来，以聚酰胺（PA）为代表的反渗透（RO）膜由于其优异的性能而取得了长足的进步。然而，常规的PA RO膜仍存在一些科学问题，例如膜结垢，氯化后易于降解，盐分保持率和水通量的机理不清楚，这严重阻碍了RO膜技术的广泛应用。本文综述了反渗透膜的研究与开发进展，重点探讨了PA反渗透膜的现代分离，防污和耐氯性的机理和策略。这篇综述旨在提供有关某些关键挑战的缓解策略和基本机制的最新见解。在对每种机制的基本理解的指导下，讨论了操作和修改策略，并进行了合理的分析，可以解决一些关键的技术挑战。审查的最后一部分重点讨论这些机制和策略的技术问题，挑战和未来前景。PA RO膜的协同机制和策略的进展鲜有评论。因此，本综述可以为膜水处理领域的新进入者和成熟的研究人员提供指南。并进行了合理的分析，可以解决一些关键的技术挑战。审查的最后一部分重点讨论这些机制和策略的技术问题，挑战和未来前景。PA RO膜的协同机制和策略的进展鲜有评论。因此，本综述可以为膜水处理领域的新进入者和成熟的研究人员提供指南。并进行了合理的分析，可以解决一些关键的技术挑战。审查的最后一部分重点讨论这些机制和策略的技术问题，挑战和未来前景。PA RO膜的协同机制和策略的进展鲜有评论。因此，本综述可以为膜水处理领域的新进入者和成熟的研究人员提供指南。