A century after the dissolution of the Russian Empire and its descent into multidirectional civil war, the memory of what took place in Ukraine during 1917– 1922 diverges into very different stories among Ukrainians, Russians, and Jews. By focusing on the example of Avraham Revutsky, a Minister for Jewish Affairs in Ukraine’s Directory government, this article suggests that the lines of conflict during those violent years may not have been as clear as they appear now. From Revutsky’s previously unknown statement made to Soviet authorities in Berlin in 1922, included in full and translated here, it is possible to glimpse both the complications of Jewish-Ukrainian-Soviet relations during the civil war, and how, in the face of the first Soviet show trials, individuals sought to shape the way their wartime actions and motives would be remembered. The 100 anniversary of the Bolsheviks’ October Revolution also marks the 100 anniversary of the first modern attempts to create a Ukrainian nation-state during the bloody multidirectional civil war that engulfed Ukraine between 1917 and 1922. The retreat of German and Austrian forces in 1918 and the Red Army’s victories in the civil war and Polish-Soviet war led to the incorporation of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic into the new Soviet Union, and, excepting territories occupied by the Germans and their allies during World War II, Ukraine would remain a Soviet republic until its independence in 1991. Today, while the independence of a Ukrainian state seems secure, a civil war rages once again in Ukraine pitting Ukrainian nationalists against those— Russian and Ukrainian citizens — who seek the territorial unification of at least part of Ukraine into a * Simon Rabinovitch is an Assistant Professor of History at Boston University, where he teaches European, Jewish, Russian, and legal history. He is the author of Jewish Rights National Rites: Nationalism and Autonomy in Late Imperial and Revolutionary Russia (Stanford 2014) and the editor of Jews and Diaspora Nationalism: Writings on Jewish Peoplehood in Europe and the United States (Brandeis 2012). In 2017–18 he is a Henry Luce Foundation/American Council for Learned Societies Fellow in Religion, Journalism and International Affairs. 339 Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism: Vol. 17, No. 3, 2017 bs_bs_banner

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内战期间的犹太-乌克兰-苏联关系和犹太事务部长的第二个想法

在俄罗斯帝国解体并陷入多向内战一个世纪之后，乌克兰人、俄罗斯人和犹太人对 1917 年至 1922 年期间发生在乌克兰的事情的记忆分化为截然不同的故事。通过关注乌克兰目录政府犹太事务部长 Avraham Revutsky 的例子，本文表明那些暴力年代的冲突线可能不像现在看起来那么清晰。从列弗茨基 1922 年在柏林向苏联当局发表的先前不为人知的声明（全文包括在此处并在此翻译）中，可以一窥内战期间犹太-乌克兰-苏联关系的复杂性，以及如何面对第一次苏联表演审判，个人试图塑造他们的战时行为和动机将被记住的方式。乌克兰再次爆发内战，乌克兰民族主义者反对那些寻求将至少部分乌克兰领土统一为一个国家的俄罗斯和乌克兰公民 *西蒙·拉比诺维奇是波士顿大学历史系助理教授，在那里他教授欧洲，犹太、俄罗斯和法律史。他是《犹太权利民族仪式：晚期帝国和革命俄罗斯的民族主义和自治》（斯坦福 2014 年）的作者，以及《犹太人和侨民民族主义：欧洲和美国犹太人民的著作》（Brandeis 2012 年）的编辑。2017-18 年，他是亨利·卢斯基金会/美国学术协会理事会的宗教、新闻和国际事务研究员。339 民族与民族主义研究：卷。17、2017年第3期 bs_bs_banner 俄罗斯帝国晚期和革命时期的民族主义和自治（斯坦福 2014 年）以及《犹太人和散居民族主义：欧洲和美国犹太人民的著作》（布兰代斯 2012 年）的编辑。2017-18 年，他是亨利·卢斯基金会/美国学术协会理事会的宗教、新闻和国际事务研究员。339 民族与民族主义研究：卷。17、2017年第3期 bs_bs_banner 俄罗斯帝国晚期和革命时期的民族主义和自治（斯坦福 2014 年）以及《犹太人和散居民族主义：欧洲和美国犹太人民的著作》（Brandeis 2012 年）的编辑。2017-18 年，他是亨利·卢斯基金会/美国学术协会理事会的宗教、新闻和国际事务研究员。339 民族与民族主义研究：卷。17、2017年第3期 bs_bs_banner