Serafima Birman was an actress of the Moscow Art Theatre who worked in the First Studio and Second Moscow Art Theatre throughout the revolutionary and civil war period (1910s–1920s) and went on to have a distinguished career as a performer, teacher, and director in Stalinist and post-Stalinist USSR (1920s–1970s). In this article Rose Whyman investigates her artistic and cultural contribution in the development of the Stanislavsky System and of her approach to acting, working alongside Vakhtangov, Michael Chekhov, and influenced by Meyerhold and other artists of the avant-garde. She was the first female director at the theatre, continued to act and direct in Soviet theatres, and worked in film, notably with Eisenstein on Ivan the Terrible. The development of her career required great determination and necessitated making theatrical and political choices in order to survive and maintain the artistic principles on which her work was based. Rose Whyman is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Drama and Theatre Arts at the University of Birmingham and is the author of The Stanislavsky System of Acting (Cambridge, 2008) and Stanislavsky: the Basics (Routledge, 2013).

中文翻译：

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Serafima Birman：女演员从莫斯科艺术剧院到苏联人民艺术家的道路

Serafima Birman 是莫斯科艺术剧院的女演员，在整个革命和内战时期（1910 年代至 1920 年代）在第一工作室和第二莫斯科艺术剧院工作，并继续以表演者、教师和导演的身份获得杰出的职业生涯。斯大林主义和后斯大林主义的苏联（1920 年代至 1970 年代）。在这篇文章中，罗斯·怀曼 (Rose Whyman) 调查了她在斯坦尼斯拉夫斯基体系发展中的艺术和文化贡献，以及她与瓦赫坦戈夫、迈克尔·契诃夫一起工作并受到梅耶霍尔德和其他前卫艺术家的影响的表演方法。她是该剧院的第一位女导演，继续在苏联剧院演出和导演，并从事电影工作，尤其是与爱森斯坦合作伊凡雷帝. 她的事业发展需要极大的决心，并且需要做出戏剧和政治选择，以生存和维持她作品所依据的艺术原则。Rose Whyman 是伯明翰大学戏剧与戏剧艺术系的高级讲师，着有斯坦尼斯拉夫斯基表演体系（剑桥，2008 年）和斯坦尼斯拉夫斯基：基础（劳特利奇，2013）。