At the beginning of the nineteenth century, when Napoleon's French empire conquered much of Europe, the German patriot Friedrich Ludwig Jahn invented the first German national gymnastics program known asTurnen. The idea was to create a new German body and a new form of national discipline. Walking for bodily fitness, to instill national awareness, training on special equipment and rediscovering ancient German dance forms all became part of the new body culture. It is out of this movement with its nationalist and later racist culture that much of the modern gymnastics and dance movements in Germany gained their ideologies. This article sketches some stages of this social and physical continuity, from the resistance to the French to the establishment of the racial state in 1933 and to the provision of a Nazi aesthetic by German modern dancers.

中文翻译：

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德国体操、现代德国舞蹈和纳粹美学

十九世纪初，当拿破仑的法兰西帝国征服了欧洲大部分地区时，德国爱国者弗里德里希·路德维希·雅恩发明了第一个德国国家体操项目，称为特南. 这个想法是建立一个新的德国机构和一种新的国家纪律形式。步行健身、灌输民族意识、特殊设备训练和重新发现古老的德国舞蹈形式都成为新的身体文化的一部分。正是在这种民族主义和后来的种族主义文化的运动中，德国的许多现代体操和舞蹈运动获得了他们的意识形态。本文概述了这种社会和身体连续性的一些阶段，从抵制法国到 1933 年建立种族国家，再到德国现代舞者提供纳粹美学。