Theoretically, populism has been conceptualized as a political ideology with three sub-dimensions: anti-elitism attitudes, a preference for popular sovereignty, and a belief in the homogeneity and virtuousness of the people. However, empirical research to date has treated populist attitudes as a unidimensional construct. To address this issue, we propose to conceptualize populist attitudes as a latent higher-order construct with three distinct first-order dimensions. A 12-item inventory was developed using two survey studies conducted in Switzerland in 2014 and 2015. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to test the construct validity of this measure of populist attitudes. The measurement that is proposed allows for a fine-grained study of populist attitudes in the general public.

中文翻译：

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从三个维度衡量民粹主义态度

从理论上讲，民粹主义被概念化为具有三个子维度的政治意识形态：反精英主义态度、对人民主权的偏好以及对人民同质性和道德性的信仰。然而，迄今为止的实证研究将民粹主义态度视为一维结构。为了解决这个问题，我们建议将民粹主义态度概念化为具有三个不同一阶维度的潜在高阶结构。使用 2014 年和 2015 年在瑞士进行的两项调查研究制定了 12 项清单。探索性和验证性因素分析用于测试这种民粹主义态度测量的结构效度。建议的衡量标准允许对公众中的民粹主义态度进行细粒度研究。