Prior research finds that exposure to outgroup exemplars reduces prejudice, but it has focused on most-likely cases. We examine whether salient outgroup exemplars can reduce prejudice under more challenging conditions, such as when they are counter-stereotypical but not well-liked and the audience is heterogeneous and holds strong priors. Specifically, we assess the impact of the Obama exemplar under the less auspicious conditions of the 2012 U.S. presidential campaign. Using panel data, we find that racial prejudice declined during the campaign, especially among whites with the most exposure to Obama through political television. Liking Obama proved irrelevant to these effects, as did partisanship. Racial prejudice increased slightly after the campaign ended, but the effects remained largely intact weeks later.

中文翻译：

---

什么时候榜样可以塑造白人的种族态度？来自 2012 年美国总统竞选的证据

先前的研究发现，接触外群榜样可以减少偏见，但它关注的是最有可能的案例。我们研究了在更具挑战性的条件下，突出的外群榜样是否可以减少偏见，例如当他们反定型但不受欢迎时，观众是异质的并且拥有强大的先验。具体而言，我们评估了奥巴马榜样在 2012 年美国总统竞选的不利条件下的影响。使用面板数据，我们发现种族偏见在竞选期间有所下降，尤其是在通过政治电视与奥巴马接触最多的白人中。事实证明，喜欢奥巴马与这些影响无关，党派偏见也是如此。竞选结束后种族偏见略有增加，但几周后影响基本保持不变。