This study investigated how traditional and new social risks have emerged in South Korea and how policies have coped with them, focusing on the public pension program. Using national statistics data and publicly published government reports, factors such as marital status, economic activity, and the insurance trend of the public pension by age and gender for the last decade were examined. Main results are as follows. Women's labor force participation has slightly increased; however, career discontinuity remains and new family risks have increased. Second, women's public pension coverage as a percentage of the employment rate has substantially increased, implying that old labor market risks have largely been reduced for female workers. Third, the public pension insured rate among male workers has decreased to a small degree, which implies that new labor market risks are increasing for male workers. Consequently, the gender gap in risk has been reduced; however, policies established to deal with new risks have introduced some gender effects

中文翻译：

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韩国的社会风险与公共养老金

本研究调查了韩国传统和新的社会风险是如何出现的，以及政策是如何应对这些风险的，重点是公共养老金计划。使用国家统计数据和公开发布的政府报告，研究了过去十年中婚姻状况、经济活动以及按年龄和性别划分的公共养老金保险趋势等因素。主要结果如下。妇女的劳动力参与略有增加；然而，职业中断仍然存在，新的家庭风险增加。其次，女性的公共养老金覆盖率占就业率的百分比大幅提高，这意味着女性劳动者的旧劳动力市场风险已大大降低。三是男性职工公共养老参保率小幅下降。这意味着男性工人的新劳动力市场风险正在增加。因此，风险方面的性别差距缩小了；然而，为应对新风险而制定的政策引入了一些性别影响