Abstract:In late imperial Russia, secondary education was a significant and growing path of Jewish social mobility. This article draws on the autobiography of the Zionist leader Shmarya Levin and on archival sources to determine the factors that influenced Jewish integration into Russian schools before 1887. Despite its relative liberalization in the 1860s, the Russian educational system retained many exclusivist features. In most cases, the social backgrounds of Jewish students determined their chances to access secondary education. However, some Jewish young people had the agency to overcome unfavorable social conditions and the system's peculiarities and enroll in secondary school. Three complementary issues—the characteristics of the Russian educational system, their actual implementation in the Pale of Settlement, and the modes in which the system interacted with Jewish society—demonstrate the ways in which secondary schools were unique sites of Jewish Russian socialization.

中文翻译：

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明斯克的奇迹：1887 年之前定居点的中等教育和社会流动

摘要：在帝国晚期的俄罗斯，中等教育是犹太人社会流动的重要且不断增长的途径。本文借鉴犹太复国主义领导人什玛丽亚·莱文的自传和档案资料，以确定 1887 年之前影响犹太人融入俄罗斯学校的因素。尽管在 1860 年代相对自由化，俄罗斯教育体系仍保留了许多排他主义特征。在大多数情况下，犹太学生的社会背景决定了他们接受中等教育的机会。然而，一些犹太青年有能力克服不利的社会条件和制度的特殊性，进入中学。三个互补的问题——俄罗斯教育体系的特点，它们在定居点的实际实施，