A blockchain can be considered a technological phenomenon that is made up of different interconnected and autonomous systems. Such systems are referred to here as cyber-physical systems: complex interconnections of cyber and physical components. When cyber-physical systems are interconnected, a new whole consisting of a system of systems is created by the autonomous systems and their intercommunication and interaction. In a blockchain, individual systems can independently make decisions on joint information transactions. The decision-making procedures needed for this are executed based on fault-tolerant communication and voting and consensus procedures, while the results of these decision-making procedures are stored in distributed ledgers. Due to the intercommunication, interaction, and independent decision making by autonomous systems, the new whole of a blockchain is a complex entity. Complexity science rather than the usual reductionist scientific approach can help us better understand the behaviour of the new and continuously developing whole of a blockchain as a technological phenomenon.

中文翻译：

---

网络物理系统能否在区块链内可靠地协作？

区块链可以被视为一种技术现象，它由不同的互连和自治系统组成。此类系统在此称为网络物理系统：网络和物理组件的复杂互连。当信息物理系统相互连接时，自治系统及其相互通信和交互创建了一个由系统组成的新整体。在区块链中，各个系统可以独立地对联合信息交易做出决策。为此所需的决策程序是基于容错通信和投票和共识程序执行的，而这些决策程序的结果存储在分布式账本中。由于自治系统的相互通信、交互和独立决策，区块链的新整体是一个复杂的实体。复杂性科学而不是通常的还原论科学方法可以帮助我们更好地理解新的和不断发展的整个区块链作为一种技术现象的行为。