The Vaiśeṣika school is an important ancient system of Indian philosophy. According to the Vaiśeṣika philosophers, cognition or jnāna is of two types—vidyā and avidyā (vidyā ca avidyā ca), and avidyā is of four types—saṃśaya (doubt), viparyaya (illusion), anadhyavasāya (non-ascertainment) and svapna (dream). Among these four kinds of avidyā, the third kind of non-veridical cognition (avidyā), named ‘anadhyavasāya’ (non-ascertainment/non-assertory cognition), is acknowledged alone by the Vaiśeṣika school. Apart from the Vaiśeṣika school, no other school of Indian philosophy admits such a type of non-veridical cognition. Such a sort of non-veridical cognition is not mentioned even in the Vaiśeṣikasūtra of Kaṇāda. However, Praśastapāda discusses it in his Padārthadharmasaṃgraha, after mentioning it as a variety of non-veridical cognition. He has been followed in this respect by the commentators of Padārthadharmasaṃgraha in their respective commentaries. Following them, in this paper I am going to establish anadhyavasāya as a distinct type of non-veridical cognition.

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Anadhyavasāya是非普通认知（Avidyā）的不同类型吗？维埃谢卡观的分析

Vaiśeṣika学校是印度哲学的重要古代体系。根据瓦伊谢卡（Vaiśeṣika）哲学家的说法，认知或真主属于两种类型：vidyā和avidyā（vidyācaavidyāca），而avidyā则有四种类型：saṃśaya（怀疑），viparyaya（幻觉），anadhyavasāya（非肯定）和svapana梦）。在这四种类型的狂热中，第三种非典范的认知（avidyā）被称为“anadhyavasāya”（非确定性/非肯定性认知），这是瓦伊西卡卡学校唯一认可的。除了瓦伊谢卡（Vaiśeṣika）学派之外，没有其他印度哲学流派承认这种非常规的认知。甚至在Kaṇāda的Vaiśeṣikasūtra中也没有提到这种非标准的认知。但是，普拉希斯塔帕达（Praśastapāda）在他的《论证》中讨论了各种非标准认知之后，对其进行了讨论。在这方面，Padārthadharmasaṃgraha的评论员在其各自的评论中都紧随其后。紧随其后的是，在本文中，我将把anadhyavasāya建立为一种独特的非标准认知。