Civilian Immunity (‘Immunity’) is the legal and moral protection that civilians enjoy against the effects of hostilities under the laws of armed conflict and according to the ethics of killing in war. Immunity specifies different permissibility conditions for directly targeting civilians on the one hand, and for harming civilians incidentally on the other hand. Immunity is standardly defended by appeal to the Doctrine of Double Effect (DDE). We show that Immunity's prohibitive stance towards targeting civilians directly, and its more permissive stance towards harming them incidentally, can be defended without appealing to the DDE if agents suffer from overconfidence. Overconfidence is a cognitive bias that affects agents who are required to make decisions in the presence of significant uncertainty.

中文翻译：

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没有双重效应原则的平民豁免权

平民豁免权（“豁免权”）是根据武装冲突法和战争杀戮伦理，平民享有免受敌对行动影响的法律和道德保护。豁免规定了不同的允许条件直接针对平民一方面，并​​且为了偶然伤害平民另一方面。豁免标准是通过诉诸双重效应原则 (DDE) 来捍卫的。我们展示了 Immunity 对直接针对平民的禁止立场，以及对偶然伤害他们的更宽容的立场，如果特工遭受过度自信. 过度自信是一种认知偏差，会影响需要在存在重大不确定性的情况下做出决策的代理人。